• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.25 no.1_2
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• pp.383-388
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• 2007

A (g, f)-factor F of a graph G is Called a Hamiltonian (g, f)-factor if F contains a Hamiltonian cycle. The binding number of G is defined by $bind(G)\;=\;{min}\;\{\;{\frac{{\mid}N_GX{\mid}}{{\mid}X{\mid}}}\;{\mid}\;{\emptyset}\;{\neq}\;X\;{\subset}\;V(G)},\;{N_G(X)\;{\neq}\;V(G)}\;\}$. Let G be a connected graph, and let a and b be integers such that $4\;{\leq}\;a\;<\;b$. Let g, f be positive integer-valued functions defined on V(G) such that $a\;{\leq}\;g(x)\;<\;f(x)\;{\leq}\;b$ for every $x\;{\in}\;V(G)$. In this paper, it is proved that if $bind(G)\;{\geq}\;{\frac{(a+b-5)(n-1)}{(a-2)n-3(a+b-5)},}\;{\nu}(G)\;{\geq}\;{\frac{(a+b-5)^2}{a-2}}$ and for any nonempty independent subset X of V(G), ${\mid}\;N_{G}(X)\;{\mid}\;{\geq}\;{\frac{(b-3)n+(2a+2b-9){\mid}X{\mid}}{a+b-5}}$, then G has a Hamiltonian (g, f)-factor.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.155-167
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Cobrotoxin on binding affinity of cobrotoxin with P50, $IKK{\alpa}$ and $IKK{\beta}$, activities of NF-${\kappa}B$, Cell viability of astrocyte, expressions of protein molecules of NF-${\kappa}B$ such as P50, P-$1{kappa}B$, $1{\kappa}B$ and iflammation related genes such as Cox-2, iNOS, cPLA2 in the SNP or LPS induced Inflammatory pathway of Rats' astrocytes. Methods : In this study, The expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2, Nitric oxcide, Cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitrogen oxide synthase was determined by western blotting with corresponding antibodies, and the generation of NF-${\kappa}B$ was assayed by EMSA method in astrocytes of rats. The Cell viability of astrocytes was determined by MTT assay, and Binding affinity of Cobrotoxin with P50, $IKK{\alpha}$ and $IKK{\beta}$ was assayed by Surface plasmon resonance analysis, and NF-${\kappa}B$ dependent luciferase activity was determined by luciferase analysis, and Uptake of cobrotoxin in astrocytes was identified by Confocal laser scanning microscope Results : 1. Compared with control, LPS-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA binding activity was decreased significantly by 0.1, $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin in Astrocyte. 2. Compared with control, LPS-induced NF-kB dependent luciferase expression was decreased significantly by 0.1, 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin in Astrocyte. 3. Compared with control, SNP induced P50, $I{\kappa}B$ expressions in astrocyte were decreased significantly by 0.1, 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin and P-$1{\kappa}B$ expression was decreased significantly by 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin. 4. Compared with control, LPS induced P50, $1{\kappa}B$ expressions in astrocyte were decreased significantly by 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin. 5. Compared with control, SNP induced Cox-2, iNOS, CPLA2 expressions in astrocyte were decreased significantly by $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin. 6. Compared with control, LPS induced Cox-2, cPLA2 expressions in astrocyte were decreased significantly by 0.1, 0.5, $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin and iNOS expression was decreased significantly by 0.5, $1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin. 7. Compared with $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin, SNP-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA bindins activity in astrocyte was increased significantly by Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 1mM and Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 5mM. 8. Compared with $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Cobrotoxin, LPS-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA binding activity in astrocyte was increased significantly by Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 1mM, Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 5mM, Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$with GSH 1mM and Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with GSH 5mM 9. Compared with $0.1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of cobrotoxin, SNP induced P50 expressions in astrocyte were increased significantly by Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 1mM, Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with DTT 5mM Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with GSH 1mM and Cobrotoxin $0.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ with GSH 5mM. 10. The uptake of the labeled cobrotoxin into the cells was shown under a confocal laser scanning microscope. cobrotoxin was uptaken into the membrane and nucleus of astrocytes. Conclusions : In summary, the present results demonstrate that cobrotoxin directly binds to sulfhydryl group of p50 and IKKS resulting In the reduction of translocation of p50 and IkB release, thereby inhibits activation of NF-${\kappa}B$, and suggest that pico to nanomolar range of cobrotoxin could inhibit the expression of genes in the NF-${\kappa}B$ signal pathway.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.191-194
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• 2013

The fresh fruit bodies of Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae was irradiated with ultraviolet (UV)-B (280-320 nm) in order to increase vitamin $D_2$ contents, which was assayed using HPLC (Waters 1525, USA). The vitamin $D_2$ contents were $3.5{\mu}g/g$ after 3 min UV-B irradiation ($21.6KJ/m^2$) and $6.02{\mu}g/g$ after 5 min UV-B irradiation ($36KJ/m^2$), respectively, which showed the significant increase considering the vitamin $D_2$ content ($0.01{\mu}g/g$) before UV-B irradiation. This increasing effect was confirmed also for other edible mushrooms; Pleurotus eryngii, from $0.09{\mu}g/g$ to $2.75{\mu}g/g$ (3 min) and $5.21{\mu}g/g$ (5 min); Lentinus edodes, from $0.021{\mu}g/g$ to $3.02{\mu}g/g$ (3 min) and $3.78{\mu}g/g$ (5 min); Pleurotus ostreatus, from $0.19{\mu}g/g$ to $9.63{\mu}g/g$ (3 min) and $11.6{\mu}g/g$ (5 min). Although the original content of vitamin $D_2$ was the highest in P. ostreatus, the extent of increase by UV irradiation was remarkably high in P. eryngii var. ferulae.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.107-113
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• 1995

Basement membrane laminin is a multidomain glycoprotein that interacts with itself, heparin and cells. The distal long arm plays major cell and heparin interactive roles. The long arm consists of three subunits (A, B1, B2) joined in a coiled-coil rod attached to a terminal A chain globule (G). The globule is in turn subdivided into five subdomains (Gl-5). In order to analyze the functions of this region, recombinant G domains (rG, rAiG, rG5, rGΔ2980-3028) were expressed in Sf9 insect cells using a baculovirus expression vector. A hybrid molecule (B-rAiG), consisting of recombinant A chain(rAiG) and the authentic B chains (E8-B)was assembled in vitro. The intercalation of rAiG into E8-B chains suppressed a heparin binding activity identified in subdomain Gl-2. By the peptide napping and ligand blotting, the relative affinity of each subeomain to heparin was assigned as Gl> G2= G4> G5> G3, such that G1 bound strongly and G3 not at all. The active heparin binding site of G domain in intact laminin appears to be located in G4 and proximal G5. Cell binding was examined using fibrosarcoma Cells. Cells adhered to E8, B-rAiG, rAiG and rG, did not bind on denatured substrates, poorly bound to the mixture of E8-B and rG. Anti-${\alpha}$6 and anti-${\beta}$1 integrin subunit separately blocked cell adhesion on E8 and B-rAiG, but not on rAiG. Heparin inhibited cell adhesion on rAiG, partially on B-rAiG, and not on E8. In conclusion, 1) There are active and cryptic cell and heparin binding activities in G domain. 2) Triple-helix assembly inactivates cell and heparin binding activities and restores u6131 dependent cell binding activities.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.458-465
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• 1999

Streptomyces luteogriseus KT-10 isolated from Korean farm soil produced a strong cathepsin B inhibitor. Optimal conditions for the cathepsin B inhibitor production by s. luteogriseus KT-10 were evaluated. The cathepsin B inhibitor was produced with maximal yield in the cultural condition of pH 7.0 and $25^{\circ}C$ for 4 days. Optimal medium for the cathepsin B inhibitor production was determined to be a medium containing 20g, peptone 3g, yeast extract 1g, K2HPO4 0.5g, MgSO4.7H2O 0.5g, NaNO3 0.5g, NaCl 0.5g per l. The cathepsin B inhibitor produced by S. luteogriseus KT-10 could also inhibit the other proteinases such as trypsin, papain, and cathepsin D.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2005

This study was carried rut to investigate the quality properties of two cocked germinated-brown rices(A- and B-product). Color value of A- and B-product were L=68.46, a=0.92, b=9.49 and L=69.32, a=-1.10, b=9.77, respectively. Moisture content of those was $64.5\%$. The free sugar contents of A-product were $0.2\%$ glucose, $0.15\%$ sucrose, $0.18\%$ maltose, and those of B-product were $0.14\%$ glurose, $0.50\%$ sucrose, $0.17\%$ maltose, respectively. Vitamin E content in A-product was $30.7\;{\mu}g\;100\;g$ and $46.9\;{\mu}g\;100\;g$ in B-product. Total dietary fiber contents were $2.8\%$, and $2.2\%$, respectively. The DSC(differential scanning calorimetry) characteristics of two cooked germinated-brown rices showed similar pattern. Onset temperature and gelatinization enthalpy of peak 1 were $56.5^{\circ}C$, 5.46 J/g in A-product and $56.2^{\circ}C$, 5.56 J/g in B-product, respectively. Onset temperature and melting enthalpy of peak 2 were $109.5^{\circ}C$, 0.33 J/g in A-product and $108.9^{\circ}C$, 0.37 J/g in B-product, respective1y. Sensory properties of cocked germinated-brown rices were affected by appearance, taste and texture. Palatability score of B-product was higher than that of A-product.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.502-511
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• 2021

In this study, the content of water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin B₁ (thiamin), B₂ (riboflavin), B₃ (niacin), B₅ (pantothenic acid), B₆ (pyridoxine), B₇ (biotin), B₁₂ (cyanocobalamin), and C (ascorbic acid) in dishes containing meat and seafood consumed in Korea were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection. All analyses were performed under strict quality control of vitamins B₁, B₂, B₃, B₅, B₆, B₇, B₁₂, and C. The highest content of vitamin B₁ was observed in Bugeo-gangjeong (1.373 mg/100 g) and the highest level of vitamin B₂ (5.162 mg/100 g) was found in pig liver. Bugeo-gangjeong showed the highest content of vitamin B₃ (21.676 mg/100 g), and kkomak-muchim contained considerable amounts (43.310 mg/100 g) of vitamin B₅. Vitamin B₆ was not detected in most seafood dishes except for yangnyeom myeongran-jeot (0.274 mg/100 g) and was present at low levels or not present at all in meat dishes. The highest content of vitamin B₇ was 6.506 ㎍/100 g in saeu-jeon and kkomak-muchim showed the highest content (21.132 ㎍/100 g) of vitamin B₁₂. The highest content of vitamin C was in yangnyeom myeongran-jeot (84.508 mg/100 g). In addition, the analysis methods of each water-soluble vitamin were verified. These results showed that seafood-based ingredients in several dishes could be a good source of water-soluble vitamins.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.87-104
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• 2008

In this paper we investigate several properties and characteristics of the generalized Fibonacci sequence $\{g_n\}$={a, b, a+b, a+2b, 2a+3b, 3a+5b,...}. This concept is a generalization of the famous Fibonacci sequence. In particular we find the identities of sums and the nth term $g_n$ in detail. Also we find the generalizations of the Catalan's identity and A. Tagiuri's identity about the Fibonacci sequence, and investigate the relation between $g_n$ and Pascal's triangle, and how fast $g_n$ increases. Furthermore, we show that $g_n$ and $g_{n+1}$ are relatively prime if a b are relatively prime, and that the sequence $\{\frac{g_{n+1}}{g_n}\}$ of the ratios of consecutive terms converges to the golden ratio $\frac{1+\sqrt5}2$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.875-879
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• 1999

Eighty corn samples, which imported from U.S.A between 1995 and 1996, were analyzed for fumonisin $B_{1}\;(FB_{1})$ and $B_{2}\;(FB_{2})$ contamination. The total fumonisin level and mean from 80 imported samples showed 0(limited detection level)-$65.9\;{\mu}g/g$ mgand $6.9\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively. $FB_{1}$ was detect in 57 (71.3%) from 80 samples at the concentrations ranging from 0 to $48.8\;{\mu}g/g$, while $FB_{2}$ was detected in 49(61.3%) at concentrations ranging from 0 to $17.1\;{\mu}g/g$. The total fumonisin incidence analyzed from 80 samples were 37.5%, 42.6 and 19.9% for concentrations ranging from below $1\;{\mu}g/g$, between 1.1 and $10\;{\mu}g/g$ and above $30\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively. The total fumonisin level containing below $1\;{\mu}g/g$ from samples imported in 1995 and 1996 was 47.7% (21/44) and 29.4 (10/34), while total fumonisin level containing above $10{\mu}g/g$ was 47.77% (21/44) and 29.4 (10/34), respectively. In the meanwhile, the fumonisin $B_{1}$ and $B_{2}$ containing below $1\;{\mu}g/g$ from 80 samples imported between 1995 and 1996 was 38.8% and 67.5%, while fumonisin $B_{1}$ and $B_{2}$ containing above $10{\mu}g/g$ was 12.5% and 5%, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.52-56
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• 1992

The ability of chemicals, 10% sodium hypochlorite, 28% ammonium hydroxide, 5% sodium hydroxide, 5% sodium bicarbonate, 0.1% hydrochloric acid, 5% hydrogen peroxide, and 5% acetone, to destroy aflatoxins in laboratory waste water containing 3.26 ppb of B$_{1}$ 7.64 ppb of B$_{6}$3 ppb of G$_{1}$, and 11.39 ppb of G$_{2}$ with the total of 29.11 ppb was investigated. High performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) was used for the separation and quantitation of aflatoxins. Treatment for 2 hours by the chemicals affected the destruction of aflatoxins and the most effective chemical was 10% sodium hypochlorite (p<0.05). Sodium hypochlorite concentrations more than 1% significantly reduced aflatoxin B$_{2}$, G$_{1}$, G$_{2}$ and total aflatoxins and more than 3% reduced B$_{1}$ (p<0.05). No further significant decreases were observed above the concentration of 5% for all 4 aflatoxins. Complete destruction of aflatoxins B$_{2}$, G_{1}$, and G$_{2}$ was achieved by 5% sodium hypochlorite at 48 hours and B$_{1}$ at 72 hours.