• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 1983

This article presents a deterministic inventory model for situations in which, during the stockout period, a fraction ${\beta}$ of the demand is backordered and the remaining fraction $1-{\beta}$ is lost. By defining a time proportional backorder cost and a fixed penalty cost per unit lost, a convex objective function representing the average annual cost of operating the inventory system is obtained. The optimal operating policy variables are calculated directly. At the extremes ${\beta}\;=\;1$ and ${\beta}\;=\;0$ the model presented reduces to the usual backorders and lost sales case, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1994

To analyze the states of operation of radiotherapy facilities in the period from 1979 to 1992 and to get the base for efficient operation and maintenance of the radiotherapy facilities. Data on the records of annual number of patients operated by each facility; span of suspension of operation, the cost and span of repairing, and parts of oui-of-order in the period from 1979 to 1992 were analyzed. We made a comparative analysis of average annual number of patients, annual span of the suspension of operation, annual cost ratio of repair, span of repairing per break down, and total number of broken parts. We could get following annual number of patients(day), span of the suspension of span ($\%$)(day). annual cost ratio fo repair($\%$), span of repairing per break down(Min-Max, day), and number of broken parts from this analysis. 1. Cobalt unit (Picker C-9) : 10,389(43), 0.4(0.83) 0.07, 1hr-2, 3 2. Linac(Clinac 6/100) : 11,492(50), 4.0(9.57), 0.98, 1hr-30, 12 3. Linac(Clinac 18) : 9.115(44), 12.7(30.5), 3.54, 1hr-108. 41 4. Simulator(Picker Ther-X) : 2,017(9), 0.51(1.3), 0.24, 1hr-2, 7 5. RTP(Capentec Cap-plan) : 528(2), 0.4(0.93), - hrs, - The conclusion obtained from statistical analysis above are as follows. 1. The rate of operation of Cobalt unit($99.6\%$) was higher that of Linear Accelerators ($87.3\%$). The rates operation of Simulator and RTP computer were very close to that of Cobalt unit. 2. In order to raise up the working ratio of accelerator. it is desirable that we keep our engineer to learn a sufficient technical skill and the equipment agent to stock sufficient spare parts. 3. In order to maintain Linear Accelerator efficiently, it is desirable to have annually $2.3\%$ of the purchase price of equiment for repairing.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2013.01a
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• pp.219-225
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• 2013

State transportation agencies utilize fleets of heavy equipment to construct and maintain roadways. Equipment cost models can be developed to forecast economic life, which is the point at which the average unit cost to date reaches a minimum. A calculated economic life and cost models can be used to quantify the impacts of management strategies applied to a fleet. The purpose of this research was to develop an accurate method of quantifying the results of management strategies applied to a fleet of heavy construction equipment. The strategies evaluated are related to the annual usage of the fleet and the size of the fleet. More specifically the methodology is used to adjust the economic model to consider a limit to the annual decline in machine usage and a reduction in the number of machines in the fleet. When limiting annual machine usage, a specified rate is applied to the usage of the fleet, while total usage is held constant. This causes aging at a modified rate. A reduction in fleet size also causes a change to the usage of a fleet as the fleet must use fewer machines to produce the same total usage.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.327-335
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• 2007

This study was to evaluate economic impact of a comprehensive pharmaceutical care intervention provided by community pharmacists on drug-related morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, in a societal perspective. Clinical outcomes of pharmaceutical care included compliance increase, inappropriate medication discontinuation, and subsequent drug-related morbidity and mortality reduction. Economic outcomes included cost savings from direct medical costs reduction such as medication and healthcare resource utilization. Input costs for pharmaceutical care included pharmacist time and computerized prescription review supporting program costs. Model parameters of outcomes were derived from published literatures, and costs were from literatures and health insurance statistical data in Korea. Annual costs and benefits were estimated in the year 2005. Current usual care and standardized pharmaceutical care required 0.3 and 2.0 hours per year respectively, for elderly outpatient using average 4.4 prescription drugs per visit and average annual frequency of 17.8 pharmacy visits. Comprehensive pharmaceutical care provided to overall elderly outpatients at community pharmacies would have cost of \74,994 mil. and benefit of \357,002 mil. per year. Benefit:cost ratio was 4.8:1 and net benefit was \282,008 mil/year. It was corresponded to net benefit of \73,816/year for individual elderly patient. In addition, pharmaceutical care was estimated to reduce 1,531 drug-related deaths/year. Conclusively this study, a first attempt in Korea to evaluate an economic value of pharmaceutical care at community pharmacies, proved that it was a cost-effective intervention having significant economic benefit.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3173-3177
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• 2016

Background: The Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) in Lebanon provides cancer drugs free of charge for uninsured patients who account for more than half the total case-load. Other categories of cancer care are subsidized under more stringent eligibility criteria. MOPH's large database offers an excellent opportunity to analyze the cost of cancer treatment in Lebanon. Materials and Methods: Using utilization and spending data accumulated at MOPH during 2008-2013, the cost to the public budget of cancer drugs was assessed per case and per drug type. Results: The average annual cost of cancer drugs was 6,475$ per patient. Total cancer drug costs were highest for breast cancer, followed by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which together represented 74% of total MOPH cancer drug expenditure. The annual average cancer drug cost per case was highest for CML ($31,037), followed by NHL ($11,566). Trastuzumab represented 26% and Imatinib 15% of total MOPH cancer drug expenditure over six years. Conclusions: Sustained increase in cancer drug cost threatens the sustainability of MOPH coverage, so crucial for socially vulnerable citizens. To enhance the bargaining position with pharmaceutical firms for drug cost containment in a small market like Lebanon, drug price comparisons with neighboring countries which have already obtained lower prices may succeed in lowering drug costs.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2022

Purpose: This study measures the effect of Information Technology (IT) on both cost and profit efficiency of State-owned Commercial Banks (SOCBs) in Bangladesh. Research design, data and methodology: Yearly Non-IT and IT data are collected from the annual report of SOCBs of Bangladesh from 2008 to 2017. Variable Return to Scale (VRS) cost Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Profit DEA are employed to measure the efficiency of SOCBs and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) is used to investigate the impacts of ICT components on operating cost and profit efficiency for SOCBs. Results: The average cost efficiency (74.4%) was noticed higher than the average profit efficiency (20.6%) for SOCBs. SOCBs were more affordable and less profitable for both cost and profit efficiency. Rupali bank was the most cost efficient while Sonali bank was the most profit efficient. IT Investment and IT personnel expenses were positively significant for cost efficiency. IT income, IT personnel, IT personnel expenses, ATM expenses, and Credit card expenses were negatively significant for profit efficiency. Conclusion: The further studies can combine DEA with machine learning algorithms to study the impact of IT on banks' performances. The results could aid government to remove the hindrance of progress in Bangladesh.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.52 no.8
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• pp.457-462
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• 2003

This paper presents an optimal operating strategy of distributed generation (DG) with reliability worth evaluation of distribution systems. Using DG for peak-shaving unit could reduce the overall system operating cost, and using DG for standby power unit could reduce the customer interruption cost. If DG operating cost is less than utility power cost in peak time, DG should be running to reduce the overall system operating cost. When customer interruption cost enlarges, however, standby power strategy may be the better operating strategy than peak-shaving strategy. Selection of whether DG should be operated for peak-shaving or for standby power, needs the accurate reliability worth evaluation and the accurate power cost evaluation. Instead of using annual average reliability worth, the concept of hourly reliability worth is introduced in this paper to determine the optimal operating decision of DG. Applying suggested hourly reliability worth, the distribution companies that possess DG could set up the optimal operating strategy of DG.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2019

In a highly urbanized area, land availability is limited for the installation of space consuming stormwater systems for best management practices (BMPs), leading to the consideration of underground stormwater treatment devices connected to the stormwater pipe system. The configuration of a stormwater pipe network determines the hydrological and pollutant transport characteristics of the stormwater discharged through the pipe network, and thus should be an important design consideration for effective management of stormwater quantity and quality. This article presents a multi-objective optimization approach for designing a stormwater pipe network with on-line stormwater treatment devices to achieve an optimal trade-off between the total installation cost and the annual removal efficiency of total suspended solids (TSS). The Non-dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) was adapted to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. The study site used to demonstrate the developed approach was a commercial area that has an existing pipe network with eight outfalls into an adjacent stream in Yongin City, South Korea. The stormwater management model (SWMM) was calibrated based on the data obtained from a subcatchment within the study area and was further used to simulate the flow rates and TSS discharge rates through a given pipe network for the entire study area. In the simulation, an underground stormwater treatment device was assumed to be installed at each outfall and sized proportional to the average flow rate at the outfall. The total installation cost for the pipes and underground devices was estimated based on empirical formulas using the flow rates and TSS discharge rates simulated by the SWMM. In the demonstration example, the installation cost could be reduced by up to 9% while the annual TSS removal efficiency could be increased by 4% compared to the original pipe network configuration. The annual TSS removal efficiency was relatively insensitive to the total installation cost in the Pareto-optimal solutions of the pipe network design. The results suggested that the installation cost of the pipes and stormwater treatment devices can be substantially reduced without significantly compromising the pollutant removal efficiency when the pipe network is optimally designed.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.133-153
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• 2000

During the last several decades, Korea has been regarded as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. However, the small size of national land has not met the vigorous demand for land necessary to develop economic infra-structures such as large-scale harbors airports and highways. In order to satisfy the growing demand for land, the Korean government and industry have implemented the national land development programs to reclaim land from the sea fur the several decades. It is certain that these land development programs have resulted in a lot of property disputes between fishermen and public project administrators. This paper is to develop a quantitative model to estimate compensation for damages or restriction of charted fisheries resulting from large-scale public projects. In this paper, the compensation model is derived by using cost-volume-profit analysis framework because the compensation for charted fisheries basically depends on the factors such as the costs, production volume, profit of charted fisheries damaged or restricted by public projects. The model shows that the compensation for damages or restriction of charted fisheries is determined by the average annual profit, damage duration period, and the degree of fishery damages. In addition, the degree of fishery damages measured by the ratio of lost profit to annual average profit turns out to be determined by the following factors: annul profit, unit variable cost, decrease in production volume, the rate of increase in variable cost, and a change in fixed cost. Furthermore, this parer discusses the nam issues related to practices and regulation of the compensation for fishery damages in the current Fishery Act of Korea and suggests some appraisal methods which will be able to lead to theoretically correct and fair compensation for fisheries damages resulting from large-scale public projects.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.3
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• pp.316-323
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• 2018

This study was conducted with the intention of providing basic data that are essential for establishing compensation standards for forest products and diagnosing forestry management in the future by investigating the cultivation process of major wild edible greens such as Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Ligularia fischeri, and Allium victorialis and analyzing related incomes. According to the result, the cultivation was generally divided into the open filed cultivation and mountain cultivation by the cultivated item. The annual average income by unit area ($3.3m^2$) for each item was 6,500 won for Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum cultivated open filed, 3,200 won for Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum cultivated in the mountain, 20,400 won for Ligularia fischeri cultivated open filed, 20,900 won for Allium victorialis cultivated open filed, and 7,300 won for Allium victorialis cultivated in the mountain. Particularly, while consumer demand for Allium victorialis and Ligularia fischeri are increasing phenomenally recently, the annual average income per unit area ($3.3m^2$) for these wild edible greens grown open filed was distinctively higher than that for Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum. This can be explained by very high working expenses (land rent and labor cost) required for the cultivation of Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum compared with other items. As for Ligularia fischeri and Allium victorialis yielding high annual average income, the initial investment costs including the cost of purchasing seeds and seed stocks account for 40% of the working expenses or over and thereby requiring proper support from the government for solidifying the income source and promoting cultivation in the agricultural and mountain regions in the future.