• Composites Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.18-24
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• 2004

In this paper, active shape control of composite structures actuated by shape memory alloy (SMA) wires is presented. The thermo-mechanical behaviors of SMA wires were experimentally measured. Hybrid composite structures were established by attaching SMA actuators on the surfaces of graphite/epoxy composite beams using bolt-joint connectors. SMA actuators were activated by phase transformation, which induced by temperature rising over austenite finish temperature. In this paper, electrical resistive heating was applied to the hybrid composite structures to activate the SMA actuators. For (aster and more accurate shape/deflection control of the hybrid composite structure, PID feedback controller was designed from numerical simulations and experimentally applied to the SMA actuators.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.211-216
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• 2005

Failure analysis of the latch ram ball and the C-ram ball with the trade name AFBMA Gr. 50 Colmonoy No. 6, has been performed to identify the root cause of the failure. The study required the extraction of the both failed and normal balls from the nuclear fuel exchanger. Microstructures of both balls were examined after polishing and etching. Breaking tests of both the ball revealed similarity in cleavage surfaces. Fracture surfaces of both failed ball and normal ball after breaking test were examined with SEM and EDX. Microstructure of the ball revealed an austenite phase with coarse Cr rich precipitate. Indented marks observed on the surface of the failed ball are believed to be produced by overloading. In the light of the afore mentioned observations and studies, the failure mechanism of the ball in nuclear fuel exchanger seem to be caused by impact or mechanical overloading on ball.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2012

In this study, microstructural evaluation was carried out on secondary hardening type ultrahigh strength steel, Fe-Co-Ni composition. This paper as a first part of whole research presented the microstructural behavior by cyclic heat treatment. The cyclic heat treatment method includes normalizing, stress relieving, solution treatment and aging. Especially, solution treatments performed triple times to get maximized solution hardening. Phase transformation and microstructure were observed by using optical microscope (OM), Electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray stress analyzer. During the triple solution treatment, size of grain boundary was dramatically decreased by generating a packet from the martensite transformation of residual austenite in the inner part of grain, whereas the hardness increase was not significant.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.31-38
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• 1991

Effect of thermal cycling on shape memory effect and stabilization of austenite was investigated in Fe-21%Mn alloy. The thermal cyclic treatment was carried out with two types, room temperature${\leftrightarrow}215^{\circ}C$ and room temperature${\leftrightarrow}260^{\circ}C$. In case of the room temperature${\leftrightarrow}215^{\circ}C$, the SME was rapidly increased up to 3 cycles and maintained nearly constant value regardless of further cycles. In case of the room temperature${\leftrightarrow}260^{\circ}C$, however, the SME was increased with increasing the thermal cycle up to 5 cycles and decreased gradually with further cycle. The variation of the ${\varepsilon}$ martensite volume pet with the thermal cycle was in good agreement with the variation of the SME. Therefore, the change of the SME due to the cyclic treatment was explained with the change of the ${\varepsilon}$ martensite content. As the thermal cycle was increased, the $M_s$ temperature was decreased, and the $A_s$ and $A_f$ temperatures were increased, respectively.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.76-82
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• 2012

Duplex stainless steels have the dual microstructure of austenite and ferrite phases. This steel exhibits generally a high corrosion resistance and higher mechanical strength compared with austenitic stainless steels. The steels used in the investigation have the chemical composition of Fe-22Cr-xNi-yMn-0.2N in which the contents of Ni and Mn were varied with maintaining the equal [Ni/Cr] equivalent. The fraction of ferrite phase was increased with the increase of annealing temperature. The impact factor of Mn element on the [Ni] equivalent was amended on the basis of the results of the investigation. 4Mn-2Ni alloy showed the highest pitting corrosion resistance. The fraction ratio, grain size and misorientation angle between grains were measured, and the correlation with pitting potential was investigated.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.2552-2564
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• 2020

The crevice stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of austenitic stainless steels was evaluated in simulated pressurized water reactor (PWR) environments. To simulate the abnormal condition in temporary clamping devices on leaking small bore pipes, crevice bent beam (CBB) tests were performed in the oxygenated as well as hydrogenated conditions. No SCC cracks were found for SS316 in both conditions. SS304 also showed good resistance in the hydrogenated condition. However, all SS304 specimens showed SCC cracks in the oxygenated condition, indicating poor crevice SCC resistance. It was found that residual ferrites were selectively dissolved because of the galvanic corrosion coupled with the neigh-bouring austenite phase, resulting in SCC initiation in SS304. Crack morphologies were mostly transgranular assisted by the damaged δ-ferrite and deformation-induced slip bands.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.226-233
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• 2004

The residual stresses on the surfaces of low carbon 12Cr steels used as a nuclear steam turbine blade material have been studied by controlling the flame hardening surface treatments. The temperature cycles on the surfaces of 12Cr steel were controlled precisely as a function of both the surface temperature and cooling rate. The final residual stress state generated by flame hardening was dominated by two opposite competitive contributions; one is tensile stress due to phase transformation and the other is compressive stress due to thermal contraction on cooling. The optimum processing temperatures required for the desirable residual stress and hardness were in the range of $850^{\circ}C$ to $960^{\circ}C$ on the basis of the specification of GE power engineering. It was also observed that the high residual tensile stress generated by flame hardening induced the cracks on the surfaces, especially across the prior austenite grain boundaries, and the material failure virtually, which might limit practical use of the surface engineered parts by flame hardening.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.284-288
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• 2012

The effects of Si content on the variation of microstructure and processing window of austempered ductile cast iron were investigated. Four different Si contents between 2.42 and 3.37 wt.% were used. The influence of silicon on the microstructure and processing window of these materials were studied. Austenitizing was performed at $900^{\circ}C$ for 60min and austempering temperature were both $340^{\circ}C$ and $360^{\circ}C$ and austempering time were for 4min upto 119min and for 5min upto 160min respectively. After heat treatment, the evolution of stage I and stage II were performed by optical metallography, XRD, hardness test. The results showed that $t_2$ was delayed as Si contents was increased due to the fact that Si retarded the formation of cementite ($Fe_3C$). The high silicon content promoted the stability of the metastable two-phase combination of austenite and ausferrite.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2009

As ships become larger, thicker and higher tensile steel plate are used in shipyard. Though special chemical compositions are required for high-tensile steels, recently they are made by the TMCP (Thermo-Mechanical control process) methodology. The increased Yield / Tensile strength of TMCP steels compared to the normalized steel of same composition are induced by suppressing the formation of Ferrite and Pearlite in favor of strong and tough Bainite while being transformed from Austenite. But this Bainite phase could be vanished by another additional thermal cycle like welding and heating. As thermal deformations are deeply related by yield stress of material, the study for prediction of plate deformation by heating should niflect the principle of TMCP steels. The present study is related to the development of an algorithm which could calculate inherent strain. In this algorithm, not only the mechanical principles of thermal deformations, but also the initial portion of Bainite is considered when calculating inherent strain. Distortion analysis results by these values showed good agreements with experimental results for normalized steels and TMCP steels during welding and heating. This algorithm has also been used to create an inherent strain database of steels in Class rule.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.211-215
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• 2003

In this work, a new way of measuring the volume fraction of e martensite in Fe-based alloys has been proposed. Since the specific volume of ${\varepsilon}$ martensite, depending on alloy composition, is smaller than that of austenite i.e ${\gamma}$ phase, volume expansion takes place during ${\varepsilon}{\rightarrow}{\gamma}$ reverse transformation. As the amount of the volume expansion is proportional to the product of specific volume difference times the volume fraction of ${\varepsilon}$ martensite, the volume fraction of ${\varepsilon}$ martensite can be calculated by measuring the volume expansion and the specific volume difference. Such a relationship was confirmed in Fe-21Mn and Fe-32Mn-6Si alloys which undergo ${\gamma}{\rightarrow}{\varepsilon}$ martensitic transformation on cooling and by cold rolling, respectively. It was also found that the former has isotropic ${\varepsilon}$ martensite while the latter has anisotropic ${\varepsilon}$ martensite.