• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2011

In this review, we have provided an overview of the environmental risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), focusing on the major environmental toxicants related to the disorder. Researchers have indicated that since the characteristics of ADHD are complex, the disorder’s etiology involves multiple genes of moderate effect interacting with environmental factors. The possible roles of prenatal and perinatal exposure have been the main focus of research on environmental risk factors for ADHD. Among environmental toxicants, we reviewed the potential effects on the development of ADHD of exposure to lead, nicotine, alcohol, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxin. Further, for the each neurotoxicant, clinical prevention or intervention strategies aimed at reducing a child’s risk from environmental toxic insults have been presented.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the association between the symptoms of boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the attention-deficit hyperactivity symptoms, temperament and character patterns of their parents. Methods : Forty-five boys with ADHD and who met the DSM-IV criteria were evaluated by using the ADHD rating scale (ADHD-RS), and their parents completed the Korean Adult ADHD scale (K-AADHDS) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Results : The parental K-AADHDS scores were not associated with the ADHD-RS total score and the subscale scores of their siblings. The most potent variable related to the ADHD-RS total score was the maternal self-directedness, and the second was the maternal persistence. The maternal self-directedness was the variable that was most correlated with the hyperactivity/impulsivity subscale scores of the ADHD-RS. Conclusion : The results suggest that the paternal ADHD symptoms may not be related to the ADHD symptoms of boys with ADHD. Higher maternal self-directedness and persistence may decrease overall the ADHD symptoms of these boys, and higher maternal self-directedness itself may predict lower hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms of the boys with ADHD.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.167-182
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• 2002

The effectiveness of behavior group counseling using the games of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) was studied with 24 primary school children (12 each in the experimental and in the control groups). The subjects were selected on the basis of the Abbreviated Conners Teacher Rating Scale-Revised. The counseling program consisted of 12 sessions over a 6-week period. Effectiveness of the training was evaluated with the Conners Teacher Rating Scale-Revised, the ADHD teacher's rating scale, and the Korea-Child Behavior Checklist. Findings were that the group receiving counseling exhibited improved attention, social relationships, and self control. They also exhibited decreased carelessness-passivity, hyperactivity, hostility and fewer behavior problems.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2010

This review aimed to assist clinicians in the identification and assessment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with an emphasis on diagnostic and rating instruments. Pubmed and RISS were utilized to identify relevant studies and critical reviews on the diagnosis and assessment of adult ADHD, published between 1988 and 2010. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-v1.1, the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale, and the Current Symptoms Scale have been utilized for self-reporting of current ADHD symptoms. The Brown ADD Rating Scale, the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, the Current Symptoms Scale, and the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale have also been evaluated by an observer. The Childhood Symptom Scale and the Wender-Utah Rating Scale have been used for retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD symptoms and the Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale, the Adult Interview, the Brown ADD Diagnostic Form, the Conners adult ADHD diagnostic interview for DSM-IV, and the Wender-Reimherr Interview have been available as comprehensive diagnostic interviews. There is a wide variety of instruments available with respect to adult ADHD. The choice of appropriate instruments is essential for achieving accurate diagnosis and assessment of this disorder.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.59-75
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• 2006

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) in current Traditional Chinese Medical Journals. Methods : From January 2000 to December 2005, we searched Traditional Chinese Medical Journals. Results : 21 articles were selected and classified into two large groups, case report and comparison study. Totally 1137 cases, complete cures are 276, significant improvements and some improvement 1028, complete cure rate 24.27%, total improvement rate 90.41%. Conclusion : Oriental medical treatments for ADHD were investigated to be effective in most trials. But there remains a debate about outcome criteria. Further studies are needed. Treatment methods were herbal medicine, acupuncture, auricular acupuncture, family consult.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2008

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness and problems in other higher cognitive processes such as executive function deficits. Currently, there are many treatment modalities, of which pharmacotherapy is the most strongly supported by scientific and clinical evidence. Stimulants, which are first choice in the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, block dopamine reuptake by binding the dopamine transporter and so increasing the concentration of dopamine in synaptic clefts. Stimulants are effective in improving core ADHD symptoms, as well as the nonspecific symptoms, such as aggressiveness and oppositional behavior. Frequently reported short-term adverse effects are decreased appetite, sleep disturbance, headache, dizziness and irritability. Although questions have been raised about the long-term side effects of stimulants, including growth suppression, cardiovascular events, and abuse potential, there is no clear evidence to support these concerns.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.106-113
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• 1993

Using a reliable assessment procedure and according to the severity of hyperactivity, thirty-six clinic-referred outpatients, 6-12 years of age, were given a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity(ADD+H) or without Hyperactivity(ADD-H). Comparisons of behavioral measurement by Conners Rating Scale(CRS) and Home/School Situations Questionnaire(HSQ/SSQ) revealed that the children with ADD+H displayed more pervasive behavior problems at home and school than the children with ADD-H. Also the children with ADD+H were more likely to be delinquent and aggressive compared to the children with ADD-H when using the Child Behavior Check-list(CBCL) for parents Hyperactivity symptom in ADHD is highly correlated with aggression scale on CBCL These finding suggest that ADD+H and ADD-H may differ in clinical disease entity.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 2011

Objectives : This study explored the clinical differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Methods : Participants were 49 children and adolescents with ages between 6 and 18 years. These subjects were placed into 2 groups: ADHD without DCD (24) and ADHD with DCD (25). We used several evaluation tools on both groups: the Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version- Korean Version (K-SADS-PL), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-IIII), Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC), and Bruininks-Osretsky Test of Motor (BOT-2). Results : Patients with both ADHD and DCD had a lower performance intelligence quotient and more internal and external behavioral symptoms than patients with ADHD but not DCD. It is possible that patients with ADHD and motor coordination problems should be noticed earlier and given intensive treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the Comprehensive Attention Test, Korean-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale-IV scores in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods: Fifty-five children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and not taking psychiatric medications were included in this retrospective study. A correlation analysis was performed. Results: Although simple visual and auditory selective attention have diagnostic value in traditional continuous performance tests, this study revealed that inhibition-sustained attention and interference-selective attention are also effective in evaluating ADHD. Furthermore, the correlation between the attention and intelligence test scores varied depending on the use of visual or auditory stimuli. Conclusion: The findings of this study contribute to clarifying our understanding of the cognitive characteristics of children and adolescents with ADHD and can be used in future research.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.56-72
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose is to analyze the effects of parent training interventions in reducing the symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and to provide a basis for the effects. Methods : We collected literature published in international academic journals from 2009 to 2019 through ProQuest and Scopus databases. The search key terms were (ADHD OR Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) AND (Parent OR Mother OR Father) AND (Training OR Program OR Therapy OR Intervention) AND (Randomized OR Randomised OR Randomly). The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of the studies, and a meta-analysis was conducted through Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0. Results : Of 628 studies that we reviewed, 20 were eligible for inclusion. of parental training interventions for children with ADHD appeared close to a medium effect size while parent-child interventions (0.639) appeared to have a medium to large effect size. Oppositional defiant behavior and conduct disorder (0.737) in children and children's emotions (0.679) appeared close to a large effect size. ADHD symptoms hyperactivity and impulsivity (0.590) and child behavior (0.521) appeared to be over a medium effect size. We chose a random-effects model since heterogeneity tests showed significant results. Conclusion : We were able to confirm the effects of parent training interventions on the symptoms of children with ADHD. This will be used as evidence to provide a clinical basis for occupational therapists. More research related to parental training interventions should be carried out to ensure better reporting in the future.