• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.437-448
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• 2024

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a rapidly increasing neurodevelopmental disorder but currently available treatments are associated with abuse risk, side effects, and incomplete symptom relief. There is growing interest in exploring complementary options, and ginseng has gained attention for its therapeutic potential. This systematic review aimed to assess current evidence on the efficacy of ginseng and its active components, ginsenosides, for ADHD. Eligible studies were identified through searches of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, up to June 2023. The inclusion criteria included both human and animal studies that investigated the effects of ginseng or ginsenosides on ADHD. The risk of bias was assessed according to study type. Six human studies and three animal studies met the inclusion criteria. The results suggest that ginseng and ginsenosides may have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, particularly inattention, through dopaminergic/norepinephrinergicmodulation and BDNF/TrkB signaling. Ginseng and ginsenosides have promising potential for ADHD treatment. Due to limitations in evidence quality, such as the risk of bias and variability in study designs, larger controlled studies are essential. Integrating ginseng into ADHD management may have valuable implications for individuals seeking well-tolerated alternatives or adjunctive therapies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.169-182
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was a meta-analysis designed to identify effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) interventions in alleviating main symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among school-aged children in Korea. Methods: Examination of several databases including Research Information Sharing Service, Korean Studies Information Service System, Data Base Periodical Information Academic and hand-searched article references, resulted in identification of 1,298 studies done between 2000 and 2013 of which 21 met the inclusion criteria. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2.0 was used to analyze effect sizes, explore possible causes of heterogeneity, and check publication bias with a funnel plot and its trim-and-fill analysis. Results: Overall effect size of CBT intervention was large (g=1.08) along with each outcome of self-control (g=1.26), lack of attention (g=1.02), social skills (g=0.92), and hyperactivity (g=0.92). For heterogeneity, moderator analysis was performed, but no significant differences were found between the RCT (Randomized Controlled Trials) group and the NRCT (Non RCT) group. Also, meta-regression was performed using sample size, number of sessions, and length of session as predictors, but no statistically significant moderators were found. Finally, a funnel plot along with trim-and-fill analysis was produced to check for publication bias, but no significant bias was detected. Conclusion: Based on these findings, there is clear evidence that CBT intervention has significant positive effects on the main symptoms of school-aged children suffering ADHD. Further research is needed to target diverse age groups with ADHD along with more RCT studies to improve the effectiveness of the CBT intervention.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.75-84
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• 2019

Addicts pay more attention to addiction-related cues, such as substance or behavior. And increased attention to these cues is associated with craving. Methamphetamine is the most abused drug among domestic drug offenders, with continually increasing rates of recidivism. Of the total number of reported drug offenders in the last three years, 21.1 percent have been women. Even so, research on female drug offenders is inadequate, rendering policies and fundamental data for the development of psychotherapy programs insufficient. The present study intended to investigate whether female methamphetamine addicts displayed an attention bias towards drug cues. A dot probe task was conducted on 22 female methamphetamine addicts (addiction group) and 22 non-addicts (control group). The task allowed the correct response rates and correct reaction times of the participants to be calculated according to the positioning of the drug and neutral cues. The analysis results revealed that the control group displayed no difference in correct reaction rates and correct reaction times between the drug or neutral cues. While, the addiction group showed lower correct response rate and slower response time for drug cues in comparison to neutral cues. The results of this study are significant in that it identified the attention bias characteristics toward drug cues of female methamphetamine addicts who were disconnected from drugs.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2407-2424
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• 2022

Recently, Transformer has made great progress in video retrieval tasks due to its high representation capability. For the structure of a Transformer, the cascaded self-attention modules are capable of capturing long-distance feature dependencies. However, the local feature details are likely to have deteriorated. In addition, increasing the depth of the structure is likely to produce learning bias in the learned features. In this paper, an improved Transformer structure named TransDCS (Transformer with Dynamic Convolution and Shortcut) is proposed. A Multi-head Conv-Self-Attention module is introduced to model the local dependencies and improve the efficiency of local features extraction. Meanwhile, the augmented shortcuts module based on a dual identity matrix is applied to enhance the conduction of input features, and mitigate the learning bias. The proposed model is tested on MSRVTT, LSMDC and Activity-Net benchmarks, and it surpasses all previous solutions for the video-text retrieval task. For example, on the LSMDC benchmark, a gain of about 2.3% MdR and 6.1% MnR is obtained over recently proposed multimodal-based methods.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.51-77
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• 2009

Using a modified Posner's cue-target paradigm, we investigated whether negative cues attract more attention than neutral cues in anxious people. Previous studies used commonly an unbalanced proportion of valid and invalid trials(75% vs. 25% respectively). But in the present study, an equivalent proportion of valid and invalids trials was used for measuring detection speed of cues without participant's expectancy caused by the unbalanced proportion. Emotional words(Experiment 1) and facial expressions(Experiment 2) were used as cues for target locations. The result of Experiment 1 and 2 showed that threatening cues facilitated target detection in valid trials and interfered with it in invalid trials in anxious participants and a, reverse response patterns were found in non-anxious participants. This indicates that threatening cues attract more attention to the cued location in anxious people and in contrast, non-anxious people avoid threatening stimuli. In Experiment 3, we investigated the difference of validity effect across anxiety levels. The results showed that anxious participants gave less attention to cued location when the cues were non-informative whereas non-anxious participants gave more attention to cued locations in the same condition. We discussed two kinds of cognitive bias caused by anxiety levels: attentional bias and proportion related bias.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.18-31
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• 2020

Cognitive biases can influence human information behaviour and decisions made in information behaviour and use. This study aims to identify the biases involved in some aspects of information behaviour and the role they play in information behaviour and use. Twenty-five semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted in an exploratory qualitative study with graduate (MA and PhD) students who were at the stage of their dissertation/thesis research. Eisenberg & Berkowitz Big6^TM Skills for Information Literacy was adopted as a framework for interviews and the analysis was done using grounded theory coding method. The findings revealed the presence of twenty-eight biases in different stages of information behaviour, including availability bias (affects the preference for information seeking strategies), attentional bias (leads to biased attention to some information), anchoring effect (persuades users to anchor in special parts of information), confirmation bias (increases the tendency to use information that supports one's beliefs), and choice-supportive bias (results in confidence in information seeking processes). All stages of information seeking were influenced by some biases. Biases might result in a lack of clarity in defining the information needs, failure in looking for the right information, misinterpretation of information, and might also influence the way information is presented.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.107-120
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• 2024

Individuals with high social anxiety (HSA) exhibit an excessive bias toward socially threatening stimuli. The purpose of this study is to identify attentional bias patterns toward threat stimuli in people with HSA (but not those with social anxiety disorder, SAD). Furthermore, our goal was to investigate neural biomarkers that can predict these attentional bias patterns in people with HSA. We collected and analyzed behavioral data on attentional bias patterns, anxiety levels, social anxiety levels, and the frontal region theta/beta ratio using an electroencephalogram (EEG) from 33 neurotypical female adults. For analysis, we divide participants into two categories: (1) HSA and (2) low social anxiety (LSA). The results showed that both the HSA and LSA groups had an initial attentional bias toward emotional faces, but only the HSA group had a prolonged attentional bias toward angry faces. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between the attentional bias score and the social anxiety score. Additionally, a decreased theta/beta ratio significantly explained the degree of attention bias in the HSA group and was a significant predictor of attentional bias in this group. Overall, this study finds that individuals with HSA exhibit similar patterns of attentional bias to those found in patients with SAD, as identified in previous research. Moreover, the findings suggest that a decreased frontal theta/beta ratio is associated with excessive attentional biases in HSA individuals. These findings contribute to our understanding of the behavioral and neurological pathophysiology associated with high levels of social anxiety, potentially assisting in the development of appropriate evaluation methods and the determination of the effect of the treatment intervention.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.113-127
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• 2024

Attention and emotion interact intimately. Anxiety, for example, modifies attentional mechanisms to enhance the processing of threat-related information. But how can it modulate attention? Studies of the emotional Stroop task showed clearly that color naming was interfered with more by negative word distractors than by neutral distractors in anxious participants. However, few studies have investigated in what stage an emotional stimulus biases attention. The present study investigated the locus of interference in the emotional Stroop task by manipulating the SOA (Stimulus Onset Asynchrony) between the word distractor and the color target (0ms, 120ms, or 240ms). Results showed that interference occurred only with 0ms of SOA for anxious participants, whereas for non-anxious participants, there was no interference effect. These results support the view that the attentional mechanism was modulated in early stage of information processing by anxiety.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.402-408
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• 2016

Background: Ascertainment bias are common in epidemiologic studies to assess the association between thyroid cancer risk and living near nuclear power plants because many thyroid cancers are diagnosed by chance through health examination. We surveyed the ultra sonography (USG) examination history and conducted thyroid and breast USG in residents living near nuclear power plants. Materials and Methods: The study population comprised 2,421 residents living near nuclear power plants in Korea. Information on demographic characteristics, including diagnostic examination history, was collected by interview using questionnaires. USG examination was conducted to evaluate the presence of thyroid nodules and breast lesion. Study participants were divided into 3 groups according to the distance of their respective villages from a nuclear power plant. The proportions of USG examination history and prevalence of thyroid nodules and breast lesions were compared between groups. Results and Discussion: Examination histories of thyroid USG were 23.1%, 13.7%, and 10.5% in men and 31.3%, 26.7%, 18.3% in women in the short, intermediate, and long distance groups, respectively. There were significant inverse associations between thyroid USG history and the distance from nuclear power plants (P for trend = 0.001 for men and 0.017 for women). However, there was no association between the distance of villages from nuclear power plants and prevalence of thyroid nodules. Conclusion: Our results suggest that there may be an ascertainment bias in population-based studies examining the harmful effects of NPPs examination and researchers should pay attention to ascertainment bias resulted from differential health examination. Correction for ascertainment bias, active follow-up and examination for all study population to remove differential health examination is needed.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.63 no.8
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• pp.1075-1079
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• 2014

In this paper, we describe the analysis and the compensation method of the g-sensitivity error for MEMS vibratory gyroscopes. Usually, the g-sensitivity error has been ignored in the commercial MEMS gyroscope, but it deserves our attention to apply for the missile application as a tactical grade performance. Thus, it is necessary to compensate for the g-sensitivity error to reach a tactical grade performance. Generally, the g-sensitivity error seems intuitively to be a gyroscope bias error proportional to the linear acceleration. However, we assert that the g-sensitivity error mainly causes not a bias error but a scale-factor error. And we verify that the g-sensitivity scale-factor error occurs due to the non-linearity of parallel plate electrodes. Therefore, we propose the compensation method to remove the g-sensitivity scale-factor error. The experimental result showed that a proposed compensation method improved successfully the performance of the MEMS vibratory gyroscope.