• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2003

The major objective of this paper is to propose the method of attacker and host modeling for cyber-attack simulation. In the security modeling and simulation for information assurance, it is essential the modeling of attacker that is able to generate various cyber-attack scenarios as well as the modeling of host, which is able to represent behavior on attack concretely The security modeling and simulation, which was announced by Cohen, Nong Ye and etc., is too simple to concretely analyze attack behavior on the host. And, the attacker modeling, which was announced by CERT, Laura and etc., is impossible to represent complex attack excepting fixed forms. To deal with this problem, we have accomplished attacker modeling by adopted the rule-based SES which integrates the existing SES with rule-based expert system for synthesis and performed host modeling by using the DEVS formalism. Our approach is to show the difference from others in that (ⅰ) it is able to represent complex and repetitive attack, (ⅱ) it automatically generates the cyber-attack scenario suitable on the target system, (ⅲ) it is able to analyze host's behavior of cyber attack concretely. Simulation tests performed on the sample network verify the soundness of proposed method.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.169-177
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• 2021

In this paper, we propose a novel global navigation satellite system (GNSS) spoofing detection technique through an array antenna-based direction of arrival (DoA) estimation of satellite and spoofer. Specifically, we consider a sophisticated GNSS spoofing attack scenario where the spoofer can accurately mimic the multiple pseudo-random number (PRN) signals since the spoofer has its own GNSS receiver and knows the location of the target receiver in advance. The target GNSS receiver precisely estimates the DoA of all PRN signals using compressed sensing-based orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) even with a small number of samples, and it performs spoofing detection from the DoA estimation results of all PRN signals. In addition, considering the initial situation of a sophisticated spoofing attack scenario, we designed the algorithm to have high spoofing detection performance regardless of the relative spoofing signal power. Therefore, we do not consider the assumption in which the power of the spoofing signal is about 3 dB greater than that of the authentic signal. Then, we introduce design parameters to get high true detection probability and low false alarm probability in tandem by considering the condition for the presence of signal sources and the proximity of the DoA between authentic signals. Through computer simulations, we compare the DoA estimation performance between the conventional signal direction estimation method and the OMP algorithm in few samples. Finally, we show in the sophisticated spoofing attack scenario that the proposed spoofing detection technique using OMP-based estimated DoA of all PRN signals outperforms the conventional spoofing detection scheme in terms of true detection and false alarm probability.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.149-159
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• 2023

Web application security education that can provide practical experience is needed to reduce damage caused by the recent increase in web application vulnerabilities and to strengthen security. In this paper, we proposed a scenario-based web application education method, applied the proposed method to classes, and analyzed the results. In order to increase the effectiveness of scenario-based education, a real-life practice environment to perform scenarios and instructions to be performed by learners are needed. As an example of the proposed method, instructions to be performed by learners from the viewpoint of the attacker and the victim were shown in a practice environment to teach XSS and SQL injection vulnerabilities. After applying the proposed method to the class for students majoring in cyber security, when the lecture evaluation results were analyzed, it was shown that the learner's interest, understanding, and major ability all improved.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.107-117
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• 2023

It must be possible to assess how combat actions taking place in cyberspace affect the military's major mission systems and weapon systems. In order to analyze the mission impact caused by a cyber attack through cyber M&S, the target mission system and cyber warfare elements must be built as a model and a scenario for simulation must be authored. Many studies related to mission impact analysis due to cyber warfare have been conducted focusing on the United States, and existing studies have authored separate scenarios for physical battlefields and cyber battlefields. It is necessary to build a simulation environment that combines a physical battlefield model and a cyber battlefield model, and be able to integrate and author mission scenarios and cyber attack/defense scenarios. In addition, the physical battlefield and cyber battlefield are different work areas, so authoring two types of scenarios for simulation is very complicated and time-consuming. In this paper, we propose a method of using mission system information to prepare the data needed for scenario authoring in advance and using the pre-worked data to author an integrated scenario. The proposed method is being developed by reflecting it in the design of the scenario authoring tool, and an integrated scenario authoring in the field of counter-fire warfare is being performed to prove the proposed method. In the future, by using a scenario authoring tool that reflects the proposed method, it will be possible to easily author an integrated scenario for mission impact analysis in a short period of time.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.3858-3869
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose a hash-chain based friendly force identification protocol for personal combatants equipped with a personal combat system in a tactical wireless network. It is imperative in military operations to effectively and quickly identify friendly forces. If the identification of friendly forces is not correct, this can cause friendly fire. In current ground operations, the identification of friendly forces by personal combatants is neither secure nor safe. To address this issue, the proposed protocol uses a hash-chain to determine if a detected person is friendly. Only friendly forces with the same materials that are assigned before they deploy can construct an initial hash-chain. Moreover, the hash-chain is changed at specific times. The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated on the assumption that the secret key is leaked, which is the worst scenario in the security research field. We verify that the proposed protocol is secure for the various attack scenarios, such as message replay attack, fabrication attack, and Denial of Service attack.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.25-38
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• 2023

Instrumentation and control systems measure and control various variables of nuclear facilities to operate nuclear power plants safely. A diverse protection system, a representative instrumentation and control system, generates a reactor trip and turbine trip signal by high pressure in a pressurizer and containment to satisfy the design requirements 10CFR50.62. Also, it generates an auxiliary feedwater actuation signal by low water levels in steam generators. Cybersecurity has become more critical as digital technology is gradually applied to solve problems such as performance degradation due to aging of analog equipment, increased maintenance costs, and product discontinuation. This paper analyzed possible cybersecurity threat scenarios in the diverse protection system using attack trees. Based on the analyzed cybersecurity threat scenario, we calculated the probability of attack occurrence and confirmed the cybersecurity risk in connection with the asset value.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.221-236
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• 2022

BLE protocol prevents MITM attacks with user interaction through some input/output devices such as keyboard or display. Therefore, If it use a device which has no input/output facility, it can be vulnerable to MITM attack. If messages to be sent to a control device is forged by MITM attack, the device can be abnormally operated by malicious attack from attacker. Therefore, we describes a scenario which has the vulnerabilities of the BLE network in this paper and propose countermeasure method against MITM attacks integrity violations. Its mechanism provides data confidentiality and integrity with MD5 and security key distribution of Diffie Helman's method. In order to verify the effectiveness of the countermeasure method proposed in this paper, we have conducted the experiments. ​As experiments, the message was sent 200 times and all of them successfully detected whether there was MITM attack or not. In addition, it took at most about 4.2ms delay time with proposed countermeasure method between devices even attacking was going on. It is expected that more secure data transmission can be achieved between IoT devices on a BLE network through the method proposed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2023

The importance of each warfighting function for Army TIGER unit attack drones is measured using the AHP technique. As a result, the importance of attack drones is high in the order of maneuver, firepower, intelligence, command/control, protection, and operation sustainment, but the importance of maneuver, firepower, and intelligence are almost similar. In addition, it is analyzed that attack drones capable of carrying out day and night missions by being equipped with an EO/IR sensor and being commanded/controlled in conjunction with the C4I system to eliminate threats with small bombs or aircraft collisions is needed. Finally, based on the results of this study, a virtual battle scenario for attack drones is proposed.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

Although federated learning is designed to be safer than centralized methods in terms of security and privacy, it still has many vulnerabilities. An attacker performing an adversarial attack intentionally manipulates the deep learning model by injecting carefully crafted input data, that is, adversarial examples, into the client's training data to induce misclassification. A common defense strategy against this is so-called adversarial training, which involves preemptively learning the characteristics of adversarial examples into the model. Existing research assumes a scenario where all clients are under adversarial attack, but considering the number of clients in federated learning is very large, this is far from reality. In this paper, we experimentally examine aspects of adversarial training in a scenario where some of the clients are under attack. Through experiments, we found that there is a trade-off relationship in which the classification accuracy for normal samples decreases as the classification accuracy for adversarial examples increases. In order to effectively utilize this trade-off relationship, we present a method to perform adversarial training by adaptively selecting a loss function depending on whether the client is attacked.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.279-288
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• 2017

The Material Transportation Capability Analysis Method in North Korea includes adversary's activities such as destruction of bridge which is one kind of choke points in the road network and surprise attack against resupply march unit. Also, the amount of damage on choke points in the road network and repair time depending on repair unit commitment must be reflected. In this study, a scenario encompassing plausible resupply transportation circumstances while counterattacking into NK will be established. Then, based on such scenario, a simulation model will be established and the result of simulation will be compared to the results of numeric example which has been used in the ROK Army. We demonstrate, through a certain Corps operation area, that the Scenario-based Simulation Model results predict the performance of resupply operation very well. Therefore, it makes sustainment planners and commanders do activities which is suitable for battlefield and should be used in the real situation. It is also a stochastic model.