• ALGAE
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.249-258
• /
• 2012

Nongeniculate coralline red algae are a common element of the Brazilian coastal zone, especially associated to coral reefs. During the course of ecological studies at Parque Municipal Marinho do Recife de Fora, two species of non-geniculate Corallinales were the major organisms covering the reef. Analyses of the vegetative and reproductive features of the species were analyzed; indicating that one new species of the genus Lithothamnion is proposed here based on the combination of several features associated with anatomy of the tetrasporangial conceptacles in relation to other species of the genus for which modern accounts are available. This new proposal along with other new species, new combinations and range extension of some species of the genus based in similar features clearly suggest that stability in species delimitation is possible. The second species found Pneophyllum conicum represents a range extension of more than 6,000 km from the Pacific in to the Atlantic Ocean suggesting that some nongeniculate species are widely distributed. The occurrence and abundance of these species supports and emphasizes the need for an extensive taxonomic reassessment of coralline red algae in the context of Brazilian coral reef biodiversity.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.563-573
• /
• 2015

For hard rock subsea tunnels the most challenging rock mass conditions are in most cases represented by major faults/weakness zones. Poor stability weakness zones with large water inflow can be particularly problematic. At the pre-construction investigation stage, geological and engineering geological mapping, refraction seismic investigation and core drilling are the most important methods for identifying potentially adverse rock mass conditions. During excavation, continuous engineering geological mapping and probe drilling ahead of the face are carried out, and for the most recent Norwegian subsea tunnel projects, MWD (Measurement While Drilling) has also been used. During excavation, grouting ahead of the tunnel face is carried out whenever required according to the results from probe drilling. Sealing of water inflow by pre-grouting is particularly important before tunnelling into a section of poor rock mass quality. When excavating through weakness zones, a special methodology is normally applied, including spiling bolts, short blast round lengths and installation of reinforced sprayed concrete arches close to the face. The basic aspects of investigation, support and tunnelling for major weakness zones are discussed in this paper and illustrated by cases representing two very challenging projects which were recently completed (Atlantic Ocean tunnel and T-connection), one which is under construction (Ryfast) and one which is planned to be built in the near future (Rogfast).

• ALGAE
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.15-33
• /
• 2015

When the generitype Centroceras clavulatum, a presumed cosmopolitan warm temperate to tropical red alga, was discovered to have a biogeographic distribution limited to the Pacific Ocean using molecular and morphological evidence, the taxonomy in the genus Centroceras was thrown into chaos worldwide. An analysis of what species was, or were, previously identified as C. clavulatum in Bermuda is the focus of the present molecular (COI-5P, rbcL) and morphological study. Two novel species are proposed, C. arcii sp. nov. and C. illaqueans sp. nov., and the distributions of three taxa recently segregated in the 'C. clavulatum complex' of the western Atlantic, C. gasparrinii, C. hyalacanthum, and C. micracanthum, have been expanded to include Bermuda. C. arcii is shown to be morphologically cryptic with C. micracanthum, and remains best distinguished by its COI-5P barcode sequence.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.87-109
• /
• 2012

A substantial part of South Africa is subject to more than one strong wind source. The effect of that on extreme winds is that higher quantiles are usually estimated with a mixed strong wind climate estimation method, compared to the traditional Gumbel approach based on a single population. The differences in the estimated quantiles between the two methods depend on the values of the Gumbel distribution parameters for the different strong wind mechanisms involved. Cluster analysis of the distribution parameters provides a characterization of the effect of the relative differences in their values, and therefore the dominance of the different strong wind mechanisms. For gusts, cold fronts tend to dominate over the coastal and high-lying areas, while other mechanisms, especially thunderstorms, are dominant over the lower-lying areas in the interior. For the hourly mean wind speeds cold fronts are dominant in the south-west, south and east of the country. On the West Coast the ridging of the Atlantic Ocean high-pressure system dominate in the south, while the presence of a deep trough or coastal low pressure system is the main strong wind mechanism in the north. In the central interior cold fronts tend to share their influence almost equally with other synoptic-scale mechanisms.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.1096-1110
• /
• 2014

Whipping/springing research started in the 50'ies. In the 60'ies inland water vessels design rules became stricter due to whipping/springing. The research during the 70-90'ies may be regarded as academic. In 2000 a large ore carrier was strengthened due to severe cracking from North Atlantic operation, and whipping/springing contributed to half of the fatigue damage. Measurement campaigns on blunt and slender vessels were initiated. A few blunt ships were designed to account for whipping/springing. Based on the measurements, the focus shifted from fatigue to extreme loading. In 2005 model tests of a 4,400 TEU container vessel included extreme whipping scenarios. In 2007 the 4400 TEU vessel MSC Napoli broke in two under similar conditions. In 2009 model tests of an 8,600 TEU container vessel container vessel included extreme whipping scenarios. In 2013 the 8,100 TEU vessel MOL COMFORT broke in two under similar conditions. Several classification societies have published voluntary guidelines, which have been used to include whipping/springing in the design of several container vessels. This paper covers results from model tests and full scale measurements used as background for the DNV Legacy guideline. Uncertainties are discussed and recommendations are given in order to obtain useful data. Whipping/springing is no longer academic.

• Maritime Security
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.57-81
• /
• 2023

This study aims to review Russia's annexation of Crimea from a maritime security perspective. Based on a comprehensive analysis of Russia's national security perception, this study analyzed Russia's maritime security strategy and the security importance of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, and reviewed the annexation of Crimea from a maritime security perspective. The main argument of this study is as follows. Russia's annexation of Crimea was necessary for the successful fulfillment of Russia's maritime security strategy in the Black and Azov Seas. Russia's annexation of Crimea guarantees the activities of the Black Sea Fleet militarily from a maritime security point of view, secures a passage to the Atlantic Ocean to counter NATO's expansion. From a economic security point of view, Russia's annexation of Crimea was based on the strategic considerations to secure influence within the Black Sea economic bloc which guarantees stable production and transportation of natural resources and shipping.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.14 no.5
• /
• pp.906-913
• /
• 2004

A culture-independent molecular phylogenetic survey was carried out on the bacterial community in cold-seep sediment at Edison Seamount, south of Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea. Small-subunit rRNA genes were amplified directly from the sediment DNA by PCR and cloned. The majority of the cloned 16S rRNA gene sequences were most closely related to as-yet-uncultivated microorganisms found in deep-sea sediments, and were primarily affiliated with one of four groups: the $\gamma$-, $\delta$-, and $\epsilon$-subdivisions of Proteobacteria, and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides. We did not recover any sequences related to cyanobacteria, prochlorophytes, and $\alpha$-Proteobacteria, which are known to occur in great abundance within the surface mixed layer of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The majority of the cloned $\gamma$-and $\epsilon$-Proteobacterial sequences were closely related to chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing symbionts of marine benthic fauna, and the $\delta$-Proteobacterial sequences to sulfate- and sulfur-reducing bacteria, indicating that they might play an important role in chemoautotrophic primary production and the sulfur cycle in the cold-seep area. There results demonstrate the high diversity of the bacterial community in the cold-seep sediment, and substantially expand knowledge of the extent of bacterial diversity in this formidable and unique habitat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.356-362
• /
• 1996

In order to suggest the useful information of fishing ground, a data base system on 32bit personal computer was developed and handled by using the catch data of Korean tuna long -line. This data base system was programmed using Quick Basic, and consisted of three kinds of programs, one for displaying the catch rate on the fishing ground by fishing area and year ranges, another for indicating the catch rate or number on table or graph, and the other for estimating the fishing ground in economical points, mainly targeting total tunas, yellowfin and bigeye tuna respectively. When this system was started, the map of oceans such as the Pacific, the Indian and the Atlantic, is drawn on the monitor. And then the catch rates of all species and each one are indicated by the figured symbols on the sea divisions of$5^{\circ}$ space of latitute and longitude.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.183-192
• /
• 1994

Spatial distribution patterns of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba in the Atlantic Ocean sector were seasonally divided into three or four regions; South George Island, Laurie/Coronation Islands and Livingston/King George Islands. Antarctic krill were caught from the surface to about 150 m in depth. The vertical distribution of catch per hour (CPUE) did not show much differences between the 10 m layers, but there were gradually poorer CPUEs as trawl depth increased. It was estimated from relationship between water temperature and CPUE that the Antarctic krill abundance was maximal at water temperatures of $0.8{\sim}1.0^{\circ}C$. The length compositions of Antarctic krill showed that female fish were, on an average, significantly larger than males. Relationship between carapace length and body length, and body length-body weight relationship were well fitted. Sex ratio was $60.3\%$ for male and $39.7\%$ for female with significant difference at the $5\%$ level.

• Journal of Species Research
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.289-299
• /
• 2016

Extensive survey of invertebrates in Korea, led by the National Institute of Biological Resources in Incheon, continues to uncover many new and endemic species, but also elements of neighbouring faunas that were previously unknown here. Hemicyclops tanakai Itoh and Nishida, 2002 was originally described from estuarine mud-flats in Tokyo Bay, Japan. We report one male and two females from a sandy beach on Jeju Island, which represent its first record in Korea and second record ever. No morphological differences were observed between these two disjunct populations, so we expect more records of this species in Korea and Japan. Tisbe ensifer Fischer, 1860 was originally described from Madeira and later on reported from numerous other parts of the Northern Atlantic, as well as from the Indian Ocean. We report two females from a shallow littoral in Sokcho, which represents its first record in Korea and the first record in the entire Pacific Ocean. Because of morphological discrepancies reported in previous records we recognize that this species might be in reality a species complex, and we only tentatively identify our Korean specimens as T. cf. ensifer. We provide numerous light photographs of both species in addition to short descriptions, in hope that they might elucidate global problems of their zoogeography and dispersal of small marine invertebrates in general. Further samplings from Korea and other parts of the world will be necessary to test our identifications and phylogenetic relationships of Korean populations with molecular and other tools.