• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.395-401
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• 2005

The dlm (disease lesion mimic) mutant of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) shows the similar lesion of a soybean disease caused by a fungus, Corynespora cassilcola. The lesion was examined at cellular and molecular level. Trypan blue staining result indicated that cell death was detectable in the entire region of leaves excluding veins when the lesions had already been developed. We found that the mesophyll cells of palisade layer in the dim mutant appeared to be wider apart from each other. The chloroplasts of the dim mutant cells contained bigger starch granules than those in normal plants. We also found that the lesion development of dlm plant was light-dependent and the starch degradation during the dark period of diurnal cycle was impaired in the mutant. Three soybean pathogenesis-related genes, PR-1a, PR-4, and PR-10, were examined for their expression patterns during the development of disease lesion mimic. The expression of all three genes was up-regulated to some extent upon the appearance of the disease lesion mimic. Although the exact function of DLM protein remains elusive, our data would provide some insight into mechanism underling the cell death associated with the dim mutation.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.537-549
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• 2001

본 논문은 강 뼈대 구조물의 보-기둥 접합부의 사실적인 상태를 묘사하기 위하여 부분구속 접합부(Partially Restrained (PR) connections)를 고려한 지진하중 상태하의 신뢰성 해석과 접합부 및 그들에 내재된 불확실성이 구조물의 위험도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구이다. 신뢰성해석을 위하여 응답면기법(Response Surface Method), 유한요소법(Finite Element Method), 일차신뢰도법(First Order Reliability Method), 그리고 반복선형보간 기법(Iterative Linear Interpolation Scheme)을 효과적으로 결합한 추계유한요소법(Stochastic Finite Element Method)을 제안하였다 일반적으로 모멘트-상대회전각 곡선에 의해서 표현되는 보-기둥에 대한 부분구속 접합부(PR connections)의 거동이 본 논문에서는 네 개의 매개변수를 사용하는 리차드 모델(Four-parameter Richard Model)을 사용하여 모사하였다. 지진하중에 대하여, 부분구속 접합부에서의 재하(Loading), 제하(Unloading) 및 재재하(Reloading) 거동은 모멘트-상대회전각 곡선과 Masing법칙을 사용하여 표현하였다. 시간영역에서 지진가속도를 구조물에 작용시킴으로써 지진하중의 사실적인 재현을 도모하였다. 다양한 주요 비선형성의 원인들을 고려한 부분구속 접합부를 가지는 강 뼈대 구조물의 신뢰성해석이 지진위험도를 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 제안된 기법의 명확한 이해를 돕기 위하여 한 예제를 제시하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.275-287
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• 1995

The rice processing complex(RPC) consisted of the rice handling, drying, storage, and milling processes. It has been established at 83 locations domestically by April 1994, and 200 of RPC will be built more throughout the country. Therefore, this study has been performed to achieve two objectives as the followings : 1) Development of mathematical models which can assess the requirement of electricity, fuel, and labor for four model systems of rice processing complex. 2) Development of a computer simulation model which produce the improved designs of RPC by the evaluation results of energy requirements of four RPC models. The results from this study are summarized as follows : 1) Mathematical models were developed on the basis of result of mass balance analysis and required power of machines for each process. 2) A computer simulation model was developed, which can produce the improved designs of RPC by the evaluation results of energy requirements. The computer simulation model language was BORLAND $C^{++}$. 3) The results of simulation showed that total energy requirements were ranged from 75.94㎾h/t to 124.30㎾h/t. 4) From the results of computer analysis of energy requirement classified by drying type, it was found that energy requirement of the drying type A{paddy rice (PR) for storage-natural air drying(15%), PR for milling-heated air drying(16%)} were less than that of the drying type B{1 step-natural air drying(PR for storage : 18%, PR for milling : 20%), 2 step-heated air drying(PR for storage : 15%, PR for milling : 16%)}. 5) The energy efficient drying method is that all the incoming rough rice to RPC should be dried by national air drying systems. If it is more than the capacity of national air drying system, the amount of surplus rough rice is recommended to be dried by the heated air drying method.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.431-438
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• 2006

The object of this study was to obtain acute toxicity information (single oral dose toxicity) of lyophilized water extract of Puerariae Radix (PR) in both male and female mice. In order to investigate the 50% lethal dose $(LD_{50})$, approximate lethal dosage (ALD), test substances were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2000 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body wt.) according to the recommendation of KFDA Guidelines [2005-60, 2005]. The mortality and body weight changes, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14 days after dosing. Organ weight and histopathology of 12 principal organs were measured. As the results, we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings except for PR extracts unrelated sporadic findings. In addition, no abnormal changes related PR extracts treatment on the organ weight and histopathology of principal organs were detected except for some sporadic findings including hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles in the popliteal lymph nodes and spleen as pharmacological effects of PR extracts. The results obtained in this study suggest that the PR extracts does not cause any toxicological signs except for pharmacological effects of enhancement of Immune system. The $LD_{50}$ and ALD of PR extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2000mg/kg that was the highest dose recommended by KFDA and Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.723-729
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• 1994

Si이 고농도로 첨가된 n-GaAs(100)의 Photoreflectance(PR)에 대하여 조사하였다. PR 응답은 변조빔 세기, 변조 주파수 및 온도에 의존함음 알았다. 관측된 Frantz-Keldysh oscillation(FKO)으로 부터, 띠간격 에너지($E_o$)와 표면전장(($E_s$)을 결정하였다. 온도가 상온에서 77K로 감소시킴에 따라, 띠간격 에너지는 증가하는 반면에 , 표면전장은 감소한다. 결정성은 $500^{\circ}C$에서 5분간 열처리후 크게 향상되었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2000

Using differential display techniques, a new acidic pathogenesis-related (PR) protein-1 cDNA (GMPRla) gene was isolated from a cDNA library of soybean (Glycinemax L.Merr, cultivar Jangyup) hypocotyls infected by Phytophthora sojae f. sp. glycines. The 741 bp of fulllength GMPRla clone contains an open reading frame of 525 nucleotides encoding 174 amino acid residues (pI 4.23) with a putative signal peptide of 27 amino acids in the N-terminus. Predicted molecular weight of the protein is 18,767 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of GMPRla has a high level of identity with PR-1 proteins from Brassica napus, Nicotiana tabacum, and Sambucus nigra. The GMPRla mRNA was more strongly expressed in the incompatible than the compatible interaction. The transcript accumulation was induced in the soybbean hypocotyls by treatment with ethephon or DL-$\beta$-amino-n-butyric acid, but not by wounding. In situ hybridization data showed that GMPRIa mRNAs were usually localized in the vascular bundle of hypocotyl tissues, especially phloem tissue. Differences between compatible and incompatible interactions in the timing of GMPRla mRNA accumulation were remarkable, but the spatial distribution of GMPRla mRNA was similar in both interactions. However, more GMPRla mRNA was accumulated in soybean hypocotyls at 6 and 24 h after inoculation.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.54-61
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• 2011

에틸렌 생합성 효소인 ACC oxidase 유전자인 CAO cDNA가 antisense 방향으로 도입된 형질전환 담배 식물체는 endogenous한 NtACO의 발현 및 에틸렌 생합성이 모두 억제되었다. 또한 폴리아민 생합성 효소인 SAMDC의 유전자 발현 및 효소 활성이 증가하였고 spermidine 함량이 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 에틸렌 생합성의 감소로 인하여 세포 내 폴리아민 함량의 변화가 유도되는 경쟁적 관계로 spermidine이 증가하였고 이것은 SAMDC의 발현 및 활성 증가를 유도하였다고 여겨진다. 또한 이들 형질전환 식물체는 담배 역병균에 대한 저항 효과 뿐만 아니라 PR 단백질의 유전자들의 발현양이 증가하였는데 이는 에틸렌 감소에 유도되는 폴리아민 중에서도 spermidine의 증가가 PR 단백질의 유전자들의 발현을 촉진시키고 그 결과 병원균 감염에 대한 저항성을 유도하는 기작이 작동한 것으로 여겨진다. Spermidine을 합성하는데 중요하게 작용하는 SAMDC의 활성을 억제하는 MGBG를 처리한 경우에는 PR1a 발현이 억제된 경우에서 이 기작의 가능성을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 병원균 감염에 대한 과정에서 spermidine의 생합성이 증가하게 되면 PR 단백질 등 스트레스 저항성 관련 단백질들이 유도되어 스트레스 저항성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.4791-4795
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to observe the efficacy and safety of pemetrexed based chemotherapy in treating patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancers as first-line, second-line or third-line therapy. Materials and Methods: From May 2011 to January 2015, we recruited 29 patients with advanced breast cancer, 19 patients with advanced ovary cancer, 17 patients with advanced esophageal cancer,5 patients with advanced gallbladder cancer,5 patients with advanced cervical cancer and 1 patient with advanced tongue cancer in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Research Institute.All of them were pathologically confirmed and treated with pemetrexed based chemotherapy. After two cycles of treatment,efficacy and safety can be evaluated. Results: For pemetrexed based regimens,including 76 patients with 6 kinds of advanced cancer were considered eligible for inclusion. Complete remission represents CR, partial remission represents PR, stable disease represents SD, progressive disease represents PD. Among 29 patients with advanced breast cancer, 4 patients chose pemetrexed based regimens as second-line treatment,1 of them was PR,the other 3 got SD. The last 25 patients made use of this chemotherapy as third-line treatment, except one patient could not be assessed, 2 of them got PR,6 of them got SD,the remaining 16 of them finally were PD.19 patients with advanced ovary cancer,5 patients used this regimens as second-line treatment, 3 of them got PD,the remaining patients got SD, respectively. The last 14 patients made use of pemetrexed based regimens as third-line treatment,. RR (CR+PR) was 28.5%. Among 17 patients with advanced esophageal cancer, 2 patients made use of pemetrexed based regimens as first-line treatment,both of them got PR.4 of them used this chemotherapy as second-line regimen, except 2 patients could not be assessed,the remaining 2 was PD at last. The last 11 patients was third-line users, RR (CR+PR) was 18.2%. Among 5 patients with advanced gallbladder cancer, pemetrexed based regimens was used in 1 patient as first-line treatment and 1 patient as second-line treatment. The curative effect was SD and PD, respectively. 3 patients accepted pemetrexed based regimens as third-line treatment, 2 of them got PD as results and another was SD. Among 5 patients with advanced cervical cancer, just 1 patient adopted pemetrexed based regimens as first-line treatment, whose curative effect was PR.2 patients chose this chemotherapy regimens as second-line treatment. Both of them got PD as their consequence. The last 2 patients made use of the regimens as third-line treatment, the effect of them was PD and SD, respectively. The one who with advanced tongue cancer, pemetrexed based regimens was used as second-line treatment, and the consequence was PD. About 71.1% patients experienced bone marrow suppression. Among them, 5 patients reached 4 grade. Other toxicity of pemetrexed were neurotoxicity, fatigue, diarrhea, dysphagia and vomiting. No treatment related death occurred with pemetrexed-based treatment. Conclusions: Pemetrexed based chemotherapy has considerable effect in patients with advanced cancers such as breast cancer,esophageal cancer and ovary cancer. More randomly clinical trials are needed to verify the results.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.3576-3582
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• 2014

Zeolite-templated carbons (ZTCs), which have high specific surface area, were prepared by a conventional templating method using microporous zeolite-Y for catalyst supports in direct methanol fuel cells. The ZTCs were synthesized at different temperatures to investigate the characteristics of the surface produced and their electrochemical properties. Thereafter, Pt-Ru was deposited at different carbonization temperatures by a chemical reduction method. The crystalline and structural features were investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The textural properties of the ZTCs were investigated by analyzing $N_2$/77 K adsorption isotherms using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation, while the micro- and meso-pore size distributions were analyzed using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda and Harvarth-Kawazoe methods, respectively. The surface morphology was characterized using transmission electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The electrochemical properties of the Pt-Ru/ZTCs catalysts were also analyzed by cyclic voltammetry measurements. From the results, the ZTCs carbonized at $900^{\circ}C$ show the highest specific surface areas. In addition, ZTC900-PR led to uniform dispersion of Pt-Ru on the ZTCs, which enhanced the electro-catalytic activity of the Pt-Ru catalysts. The particle size of ZTC900-PR catalyst is about 3.4 nm, also peak current density from the CV plot is $12.5mA/cm^2$. Therefore, electro-catalytic activity of the ZTC900-PR catalyst is higher than those of ZTC1000-PR catalyst.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1085-1091
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• 2006

The microstructure, electrical properties, and its stability of (Pr, Co, Cr, La)-doped ZnO varistors were investigated at different sintering temperatures in the range of $1230{\sim}1300^{\circ}C$. As the sintering temperature increased, the sintered density increased from 5.50 to $5.77g/cm^3$, the varistor voltage decreased from 777.9 to 108.0 V/mm, the nonlinear coefficient decreased from 77.0 to 7.1, and the leakage current increased from $0.4{\mu}A\;to\;50.6{\mu}A$. On the other hand, the donor concentration increased from $0.90{\times}10^{18}\;to\;2.59{\times}10^{18}/cm^3$ and the barrier height decreased from 1.89 to 0.69 eV with increasing temperature. The stability of nonlinear electrical properties was obtained from sintering temperature of $1260^{\circ}C$. The varistors sintered at $1260^{\circ}C$ marked the high electrical stability, with $%{\Delta}V_{1mA}=+1.9%,\;%{\Delta}a=10.6%,\;and\;%{\Delta}I_L=+20%$ for DC accelerated aging stress state of $0.95V_{1mA}/150^{\circ}C/24h$.