• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7507-7512
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• 2015

Background: In the low incoming country Bangladesh, breast cancer is second most common neoplasm and is increasing at an alarming rate among females. Lack of awareness and illiteracy are contributory factors for late presentation and therefore mortality. Purpose: To examine associations of different factors with breast cancer mortality and to raise awareness among the women of society in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This descriptive case-control study was conducted on 160 participants from April 2011 till July 2014. Through a valid questionnaire covering personal and family history, data were collected by face to face interview. For analyzing correlations among factors with breast cancer data, binary logistic regression, Pearson's ${\chi}^2$-value, odd ratios and p-value tests were conducted with SPSS version 20. Results: The mean age of the patients was 43.0 ($SD={\pm}11.12$). In ascending order the leading significant factors were hormone therapy (p<0.0000, OR=4.897), abortion (p<0.0001, OR=3.452), early start menarche (p<0.0002, OR=3.500), family history (p<0.0022, OR=3.235), and late menopause (p<0.0093, OR=3.674) with both ${\chi}^2$ test and logistic regression analyses. Non-significant factors were cancer experience, fatty food habits, marital status and taking alcohol. Conclusions: Regarding the investigation of this study, significant and insignificant factor's correlation visualization with breast cancer will be helpful to increase awareness among Bangladeshi women as well as all over the world.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.95-106
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• 2006

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the kinematics of young adults during ramp climbing at different inclinations. Methods: Twenty-three subjects ascended and descended four steps at four different inclinations(level, $8^{\circ},\;16^{\circ},\;24^{\circ}$). Temporal-spatial parameters were measured by GaitRite system(standard mat). Groups difference was analysed with on-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. Results: The different kinematics of ramp ascent and descent were analysed and compared to level walking patterns. In ascending ramps, step length and stride length decreased with $24^{\circ}$ inclination (p<.000). Stance duration increased with $24^{\circ}$, but swing duration decreased with $24^{\circ}$ inclination (p<.000). Step time and velocity decreased with $16^{\circ}C,\;24^{\circ}$ inclination (p<.000). Cadence decreased with all inclination($8^{\circ},\;16^{\circ},\;24^{\circ}$)(p<.000). In descending ramps, step length and stride length, velocity decreased with all inclination($8^{\circ},\;16^{\circ},\;-24^{\circ}$)(p<.000). Stance duration increased with all inclination($8^{\circ},\;-16^{\circ},\;-24^{\circ}$) and swing duration decreased with all inclination($-8^{\circ},\;-16^{\circ},\;-24^{\circ}$)(p<.000). But Step time was not differentiated with different inclinations. Cadence decreased with only. $8^{\circ}$ inclination(p<.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that there is a certain inclination angle or angular range where subjects do switch between level walking and ramp walking gait pattern. This shows their motor control strategy between level and ramp walking. Further studies are necessary to confirm and detect the ascent and descent ramp gait patterns.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.181-193
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• 2015

심미성과 기능성이 현대 건축의 중요한 요소로 대두되면서 최근 비교적 경량의 고진동수 계단의 활용처가 점차 증가하고 있다. 하지만 국내의 실정 상 고진동수 계단의 진동성능을 평가하기 위한 방법이 전무한 실정이다. 유럽강구조학회의 지침의 경우 등가임펄스하중 개념을 도입하여 고진동수 바닥의 응답예측 및 진동성능 평가에 활용하고 있으나, 이는 서행보행에 대한 실험치를 토대로 제안한 값으로 2.2Hz 이상의 속보 가진에 대한 응답을 과대평가하는 한계를 지니고 있다. 이에 본 연구에는 1.4~4.5Hz의 다양한 가진진동수에 대한 가속도 응답의 실측값을 바탕으로 서행 및 속보 가진 시의 응답을 합리적으로 예측할 수 있는 등가임펄스 식을 제안하였다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2020

자체 제작된 니들 플레임을 이용하여 바닥재를 수직 연소시켰을 때의 화염의 성장 특성 및 탄화 패턴을 해석하였다. PVC 장판은 난연성이 있는 것으로 확인되었고, 직사 화염을 받은 곳은 안쪽으로 수축되는 패턴을 나타냈다. 수직 연소가 진행되면 하부에 망울 형태의 고형화가 발생하며, 그을음은 상부로 성장하는 패턴이 형성된다. 강화마루는 난연성이 없는 것으로 확인되었으며, 상부 표면인 라미네이트층의 소실과 불규칙적인 박리가 형성되는 것을 알 수 있다. 좌측면과 우측면의 탄화의 범위는 대칭적 구조를 나타내는 것으로 해석된다. 강화마루와 마찬가지로 카펫은 수직 연소 실험에서 난연성이 없는 것이 확인되었다. 카펫에 축열이 형성되면 화염은 상승기류를 형성하고, 주변에 가연성 물질이 있을 때 화염의 확산은 더욱 촉진하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 직사화염을 받은 카펫 표면의 탄화 패턴은 표면이 용융되어 흘러내렸을 뿐만 아니라 작은 구멍이 다수 발생되는 것을 알 수 있다.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 2004년도 한국우주과학회보 제13권2호
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• pp.372-375
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• 2004

The UV radiometer payload was launched successfully from the west coastal area of Korea Peninsula aboard KSR-III on 28, Nov 2002. KSR-III was the Korean third generation sounding rocket and was developed as intermediate step to larger space launch vehicle with liquid propulsion engine system. UV radiometer onboard KSR-III consists of UV and visible band optical phototubes to measure the direct solar attenuation during rocket ascending phase. For UV detection, 4 channel of sensors were installed in electronics payload section and each channel has 255, 290, 310nm center wavelengths, respectively. 450nm channel was used as reference for correction of the rocket attitude during the flight. Transmission characteristics of all channels were calibrated precisely prior to the flight test at the Optical Lab. in KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute). During a total of 231s flight time, the onboard data telemetered to the ground station in real time. The ozone column density was calculated by this telemetry raw data. From the calculated column density, the vertical ozone profile over Korea Peninsula was obtained with sensor calibration data. Our results had reasonable agreements compared with various observations such as ground Umkhr measurement at Yonsei site, ozonesonde at Pohang site, and satellite measurements of HALOE and POAM. The sensitivity analysis of retrieval algorithm for parameters was performed and it was provided that significant error sources of the retrieval algorithm.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.765-772
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• 2011

이 연구에서는 알칼리활성 슬래그 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 관계를 평가하기 위한 일련의 콘크리트 실린더의 압축 실험을 요약하였다. 실험된 콘크리트의 압축강도는 8.6 MPa에서 42.2 MPa의 범위이며, 단위용적질량은 $2,168kg/m^3$ 에서 $2,343kg/m^3$의 범위이다. 34개의 콘크리트 시험체에서 얻은 결과들에 근거하여 알칼리활성 슬래그 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 모델을 수학적으로 제시하였다. 콘크리트의 탄성계수, 최대응력 시 변형률 및 곡선의 상승부와 하강부의 기울기는 압축강도와 단위용적질량의 함수로 일반화하였다. 각 시험체에서 측정한 값과 제시된 모델의 예측값 사이에서 산정된 변동계수들의 평균과 표준편차는 각각 6.9%와 2.6%이었다. 따라서 제시된 모델은 보통포틀랜드 시멘트 콘크리트에서 제시된 다른 모델들에 비해 AA 슬래그 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 특성을 보다 더 정확하고 합리적으로 나타내었다.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.216-223
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• 2019

이 연구의 목적은 바텀애시 골재와 기포를 융합한 경량 콘크리트(bottom ash based lightweight concrete, LWC-BF)의 압축 응력-변형률 모델 제시이다. Yang 등이 제시한 응력-변형률 곡선식에서 LWC-BF 9 배합의 실험으로부터 얻은 탄성계수, 최대응력 시 변형률 그리고 최대응력 이후 최대응력의 50% 응력 시 변형률 값들을 이용하여 상승부와 하강부의 기울기를 결정하였다. 제시된 모델은 기포 혼입율의 증가와 함께 감소되는 초기 강성 및 증가되는 하강부 기울기를 잘 반영하면서 실험결과와 잘 일치하였다. 제시된 모델의 예측값과 실험값의 평균제곱근 오차로부터 결정된 평균값과 표준편차는 각각 0.19와 0.08로서 각각 1.23과 0.47 값을 보이는 fib 2010 모델에 비해 현저히 낮았다.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.415-424
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effects of various wheelchair handling directions on the upper limb muscle activities of wheelchair attendants while climbing a ramp. Methods: For the study participants, healthy males over 20 years of age were chosen, and the order of the direction of wheelchair handle grip was determined using a randomized method. The handling directions for pushing the wheelchair up a ramp included a general grip with ulnar deviation, a medial grip with wrist pronation, and a neutral grip with a neutral wrist. The muscle activities in the participants' upper limbs were measured using surface electromyography. For statistical data processing, SPSS 18.0 was used to perform repeated measures ANOVA in order to compare the muscle activity among the intervention groups. A contrast test was also conducted among the participants. The significance level (${\alpha}$) was set to 0.05. Results: There was a significant difference between groups using a general grip and a medial grip in the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and flexor carpi radialis muscles (p<0.05). There was also a significant difference between using a general grip and a neutral grip in the biceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis muscles (p<0.05), and there was a significant difference between using a medial grip and a neutral grip in the biceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis brevis muscles (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, the wheelchair assistants' wrist muscle activity was the lowest with a neutral grip while ascending a ramp. Accordingly, this study proposes that wheelchair assistants push wheelchairs up ramps with a neutral grip.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the effects of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) on muscle activity in the trunk and legs while subjects walk on a ramp. Methods: The subjects were healthy adult males (n=15) and females (n=8) in their twenties. The subjects were asked to maintain the ADIM contraction for 15 minutes using a pressure biofeedback unit. Their muscle activity was then measured while ascending or descending the ramp with or without the ADIM contraction maintained. Activity in the sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, rectus abdominis, external oblique abdominal, transversus abdominis, erector spinae, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis muscles was measured using surface electromyography (TM DTS, Noraxon, USA). A paired t-test was conducted using SPSS 18.0 (IBM) for statistical data processing. Results: Maintaining the ADIM contraction during ascension led to a significant increase (p<0.05) in muscle activity for the rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis, but a significant decrease (p<0.05) in muscle activity for the erector spinae, when compared to the same activity without the ADIM maintained. Furthermore, maintaining the ADIM contraction during descent led to a significant increase (p<0.05) in muscle activity for the rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis, but a significant decrease (p<0.05) in muscle activity for the erector spinae, when compared to the same activity without the ADIM maintained. Conclusion: As a result of this study, it maintains the ADIM and reduces lumbar muscle activity at the waist and increases muscle activity in the legs when walking on a ramp. Therefore, maintaining the ADIM contraction during ramp walking is recommended as training to improve the function of patients' muscular skeleton.

• Medical Lasers
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2020

Background and Objectives The ultimate goal in current skin rejuvenation practice is to achieve a good result with minimal pain and downtime. Nonablative skin rejuvenation (NSR) is one technique. The efficacy of the long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser (LPNDY) has not been assessed in NSR. Materials and Methods Three target areas were selected (bilateral cheeks and glabellar region) in six volunteer subjects. A LPNDY with an integral skin temperature monitor delivered three stacked shots to each target area (1064 nm, 12 mm spot, 13 J/cm², 1 Hz) without any skin cooling or anesthesia. The skin temperature was recorded before, during, and after each set of shots using the system monitor and in real-time using a high-sensitivity (±0.001℃) near-infrared video camera. The skin reaction was observed with the naked eye, and pain and discomfort were assessed by the subjects during and after treatment. Results The subjects reported a mild feeling of heat with no discomfort during or after the test treatments. Mild erythema was observed around the treatment areas, without noticeable edema. A series of three ascending skin temperature stepwise peaks, with a decrease in skin temperature towards the baseline after the third shot, was observed consistently. The mean temperatures for shots 1, 2, and 3 for the cheeks were 39.5℃, 42.0℃, and 44.4℃, respectively, and for the glabella, 40.8℃, 43.9℃, and 46.2℃, respectively. Similar ranges were indicated on the system integral temperature monitor. Conclusion A set of three stacked pulses with the LPNDY at a low fluence achieved ideal dermal temperatures to achieve some dermal remodeling but without any downtime or adverse events. The temperature data from the integral thermal sensor matched the video camera measurements with practical accuracy for skin rejuvenation requirements. These data suggest that LPNDY would satisfy the necessary criteria to achieve effective NSR, but further studies will be needed to assess the actual results in clinical practice.