• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.282-291
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• 2014

This study was conducted to make distribution model of the Red-crowned Crane and the White-naped Crane according to the anthropogenic and natural factors affecting distribution of crane in Cheorwon, Korea. It was investigated that the impact power and its range of the indirect anthropogenic influence to feeding flock density in cranes from the road, residential area, military facilities, civilian control zone (CCZ), greenhouse and natural influence such as roosting site and available feeding area. Available feeding area is the most important factor for the crane's feeding site selection. The feeding flock density of the cranes near the residential area was lower than that of area far from the area, and tended to increase within 2.5 km distance. The increasing tendencies of feeding flock density from military facilities and high traffic volume road were similar, but the density in military facilities increased within 800 m, and the density from high traffic volume road increased within 2 km. These results suggested that residential area, military facilities and the road with high traffic volume had significant effect on foraging densities to the certain range. As the distance from the road with low traffic volume and roosting site increased, feeding flock density tended to decrease. The density of Red-crowned crane and White-naped crane inside the CCZ were respectively higher than those of outside the CCZ, especially for the Red-crowned crane. As a result, density of Red crowned cranes inside the CCZ was 5.2 times higher than that of outside, while that of white-naped cranes was 2.2 times bigger. If the density of greenhouse is lower than $40km^{-2}$, crane's feeding flock density in the low greenhouses density area was higher than that of high greenhouses density area. However, there was no difference in the feeding flock density if the density of the green houses is higher than $40km^{-2}$. The model for the Red-crowned Crane was related with available feeding area, distance from residential area, civilian control zone and distance from high traffic road. The model of the White-naped Crane was related with available feeding area, distance from roosting site and distance from lake. Finally, the estimated feeding flock density of cranes significantly correlated with density model according to the natural and anthropogenic factors.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.553-557
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• 2008

The effects of cheonggukjang and doenjang on bone mineral density, trabecular area and cortical thickness of the tibia, and serum osteocalcin level in ovariectomized rats were investigated. After 4 weeks, bone mineral density, bone trabecular area, the cortical thickness index, and serum osteocalcin level were analyzed. The cheonggukjang and doenjang diet groups showed significant prevention of ovariectomized (OVX)-related body weight gain. Whole body bone mineral density of the OVX group was significantly lower than that of the sham group, whereas the cheonggulgang and doenjang diets resulted in complete restoration of bone mineral density. Trabecular area in the proximal diaphysis and cortical thickness in the distal diaphysis of the tibia were increased significantly in the cheonggukjang and doenjang diet fed groups. The cheonggukjang and doenjang diets significantly reduced serum osteocalcin level in the OVX rats. These results suggest that cheonggukjang and doenjang might have inhibitory effects on osteoporosis, by showing accelerated bone formation in OVX rats.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.204-208
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• 2011

In this paper, the design area of a fabricated solar cell has been analyzed with respect to its charge density. The mathematical calculation used for charge-density derivation was obtained from the 2001 version of a MATHCAD program. The parameter range for the calculations was ${\pm}1{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$, which is in the normal parameter range for n-type doping impurities ($7.0{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$) and also for p-type impurities ($4.0{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$). Therefore, it can be said that the fabricated solar-cell design area has a direct effect on charge-density changes.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.578-586
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of spatial distribution of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.) in Hallasan National Park by surveying the distribution and crown density and analyzing by the elevation, slope, orientation, and regional habitat in 2006 and 2015. The total area of the Korean red pine forest was 1,259.9 ha in 2015, which increased by 51.4 ha, or 4.1%, compared to 1,208.5 ha in 2006. For the past 10 years, the area of sparse density with crown density of 11% to 40% of Korean red pine increased by 59.8 ha, the area of moderate density with crown density of 41% to 70% increased by 59.0 ha, and the area of dense density with 71% or more crown density increased by 67.3 ha. In terms of the altitude above sea level, the Korean red pine forest area between 1,010 m and 1,400 m was the largest at 1,003.0 ha or 79.6% of the total area in 2015. The area between 1,100 m and 1,300 m increased, and the area of dense density decreased significantly while the areas of moderate density and sparse density increase. There was no notable change according to the land slope, and the area increased from 2006 regardless of the slope. By direction, 56.4% were distributed in the southwest and southeast directions centered on the south-facing slope with the increase of 27.8 ha over the 10 years while the northwest and northeast directions centered on the north-facing slope decreased by 7.6 ha. Regarding the distribution change of the Korean red pine forest by the region, the Yeongsil area showed an increase of 25.5 ha, or 49.6% of the total area increase, in 2006 while the Ibseog-oreum area including the right side on the Sanbeoleum mountain valley increased by 20.4 ha. The distribution in the Gaemideung area that includes Jogeundeule increased by 7.4 ha while that of Sogbat in Sungpanak Trail decreased by 1.9 ha. This study analyzed the changes in the distribution area and crown density of the Korean red pine forest according to the altitude, slope, direction, and regional habitat in Hallasan National Park. The expansion of Korean red pine forest distribution was limited to the areas where the grass and the shrub was the dominating vegetation structure, or the forest gap was created by the disturbance. On the other hand, the distribution area of the Korean red pine forest surrounded by deciduous broad-leaved forests or mixed vegetation structure is considered to result from the change in density more than the area due to competition with deciduous broad-leaved trees.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.883-888
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• 2012

Anode electrode is one of the most important factors in microbial fuel cell (MFC). This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mediator as methylene blue (MB) and electrode surface area on the power density of MFC with sponge and carbon nano tube (CNT) electrode (SC). The SC electrode with MB (MC) showed the maximum power density increased from 74.0 $mW/m^2$ to 143.1 $mW/m^2$. The grid shaped sponge and CNT (GSC) electrode showed the maximum power density of 209.2 $mW/m^2$ due to the increase of surface area from 88.0 to 152.0 $cm^2$. The GSC electrode with MB (GMC) revealed the maximum power density of 384.9 $mW/m^2$ which was 5.2 times higher than that obtained from the MFC with SC. Therefore MB and increase of surface area led to enhance the performance of microbial fuel cell such as power density.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2011

To determine whether rearing density affects the hypermelanosis on the blind side (ambicoloration) of olive flounders Paralichthys olivaceus, we reared fry with an unpigmented non-eyed (blind) side in duplicate at densities of 150 individuals/$m^2$ (commercial production density: control) and 450 individuals/$m^2$ (high density group) for 90 days in 1-t dark-green fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP) tank. We recorded feed intake, feed conversion efficiency (FE), growth and survival, and measured the ratios of staining blind-side area (staining area) and ambicolored fish every 30 days. Daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion efficiency (FE), growth rate, condition factors, and survival rate were calculated at the end of the experiment. Although the FE was higher in the high-density compared to the control, the two density groups showed similar feed intakes, growth, and survival. The ratio of staining area as well as the ratio of ambicolored fish significantly were significantly higher in the high-density group than in the control from days 30 to 60, but significantly increased and evened out by the end of the experiment (P<0.05). In conclusion, we determined that rearing density is not the main cause of the blind-side hypermelanosis, but found that increasing the rearing density can accelerate the ambicoloration in olive flounders.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.66-74
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• 2001

The main purpose of this thesis is to select the appropriate plants for the ecological restoration of coastal land. The soil and vegetation environment survey of the beach where the halophytes live now was executed for the sake. Firstly, the soil survey was done by the physical and chemical survey of beach soil and dumped soil. The soil is mostly sandy loam and sandy clay loam which has silty much. The beach soil where the salt plants live has more organic matters in the content than dumped soil because of the influx of the dead halophytes, a pioneer plant to this area. Secondly the vegetation survey was executed by the halophytes survey in the beach area in order to select the appropriate plants for ecological restoration. The shows two different areas in the vegetation divided by the salt density of soil. Artemisia fukudo, Juncus haenkei, Carex pumila, Silene armeia, Polyponum aviculare etc live in the less salt density area and it doesnt show collected. Salicornia herbacea, Suaeda asparagoides, Aster tripolium, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda maritima, Scirus fluvitilis, Phragmtes communis, Suaeda japonica, Zoysia sinica etc halophytes live in the more salt density area and there are a few advent plant but many collected. So the salt density of soil limits the vegetation. The selection of appropriate plants for the ecological restoration programs was designed with 3 different standards considering the salt density of soil in the dumped soil area. The plan selection guidelines of thick salt density due to the salt density of soil, and economical efficiency and maintenance because the area is large. The guidelines of middle salt density area were made considering economical efficiency and maintenance because there are salt as well, and it is effective for the scenery if they have normal ecology but their leaves have good color and the flowers are beautiful. However I suggest beautiful flowery plants for the neutral plan area because this area is the entry point of the airport so the view is very important.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1990

Tillering of orchardgrass during establishment year was considered as an important factor for ground cover and forage yield. Field experiment was conducted to examine seasonal fluctuation of tiller number in three cultivars of orchardgrass; Potomac, Hall-mark, and Sumas, after transplanting with five planting density. Also, effects of plant density and nitrogen application in cultivar, Potomac were studied on tillering, forage yield and various growth characteristics in pot experiment Tillers per plant decreased with increased density and showed seasonal variations. It increased up to July, decreased during summer months, and increased again from October. Sumas had less tillers than other cultivars, especially at high density. Tillers per unit area kept high during spring. After then, there was stady decrease through summer and remained constant without affecting by planting density. Nitrogen application increased tillers per unit area in Potomac up to 20kg/10a, but decreased its tiller production at 40kg/lOa. Maximum number of tiller was obtained in the combinations of 20kg application of nitrogen with higher density than 324 plant per square meter. Forage yield increased as nitrogen application increased, while it did not respond to plant density. Forage yield had high linear correlation between LAI, leaf number with a peak at 2800 culrns. For high forage yielding, it was suggested to obtain optimum number of tillers per unit area in early season as possible, applying of adequate amount of nitrogen with relative high density depend on cultural condition.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2011

Oliver flounder population density affect Oliver flounder growth and mortality rate. In laboratory pilot experiment, Oliver flounder growth rate is inversely proportional to stocking density. But previous study has not proved external validity. This study is aimed to analyze the effect of stocking density on the Oliver flounder culture farms in Jeju Island. In order to do this, I selected 13 farms in Jeju island as a sample. In the study, various analytical methods including productivity analysis, regression analysis, statistical analysis were conducted for 13 Oliver flounder culture farms. The result of analysis can be summarized as follows. First, in case of the Oliver flounder culture farms, Bertalanffy equation is not applicable to the Oliver flounder growth. Second, the Oliver flounder stocking density, defined as the surface area of Oliver flounder per $m^2$ of water surface area, is preferred to density definition defined as the weight of Oliver flounder per $m^2$ of water surface area on the Oliver Flounder Culture Farms case. Third, growth rate and production weight on the Oliver flounder culture farms are inversely proportional to stocking density on spearman rank correlation test. When extensive comparable biological and culture condition data become available, analysis model can be easily modified to yield more accurate results.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.59-70
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to derive the environmental factors affecting child loss through correlation analysis between child loss and pedestrian density. The status of lost children was identified through the lost child records and interviews in large parks. In addition, the behavior survey was conducted by photographing the entire outdoor of each park, and visitors was marked on the behavioral maps. Also, the pedestrian density was analyzed by GIS as 100㎡ and 1㎡ grid. As a result, child loss was related to the pedestrian density rather than the number of visitors or the area. Especially, 'Dynamic pedestrian density' and 'Ratio of pedestrian in high density to area' was related to child loss. In other words, the more dynamic behaviors such as play and movement appear, and the more the local area of high density, the higher the probability of child loss. In addition, environmental factors that induce such high density include bottlenecks, overlap of circulation due to multi-functionality of space, concentration of rides, and concentration of guardians due to visual obstacles.