• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.32 no.4 s.59
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• pp.249-255
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• 2006

In this study, we evaluated anti-oxidation, whitening and anti-inflammatory effects of Ardisia crenata for use as the cosmeceuticals. Ardisia crenata extract (70% MeOH) showed a significant free-radical scavenging effect (up to 90% over at the concentration of 0.01 %) against DPPH radical generation and showed a significant inhibitory effect (up to 50% over at the concentration of 0.05 %) on melanin synthesis in B16 meanoma cells. We separated 5 fractions from Ardisia crenata extract (70% MeOH) by MPLC. The 3rd, 4th, and 5th fractions showed the anti-oxidation (DPPH radical scavenging activity and supressive effect on Mn-SOD), whitening (inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis) and anti-inflammatory (supressive effects on $IL-1{\alpha}$, IL-6, COX-2 and total NO synthesis) effects.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

This study investigated the changes of indoor thermal environment by Ardisia species planted in indoor space. Three Ardisia species (Ardisia japonica, Ardisia crenata and Ardisia pusilla) were used in this study and differences of temperature and relative humidity were ascertained in an empty chamber with and without plants. In high temperatures over $24^{\circ}C$, Ardisia species cooled down chamber more as compared to the control without plants, but there were no significant differences among Ardisia species. Ardisia crenata showed high relative humidity of $57.3{\pm}3.1%$ during most of the day time and $60.8{\pm}2.5%$ at low temperatures. However, Ardisia japonica and Ardisia pusilla showed $54.7{\pm}1.18%$ and $52.5{\pm}2.4%$, respectively, on the average, and they maintained comfortable relative humidity during most of the day time. When the setting temperature was decreased from 28 to $26^{\circ}C$, Ardisia species showed 7.5~13.6 times greater cooling efficiency as compared to the control without plants, and at low temperatures the chamber without plants showed higher themal energy than the chamber with plants. Ardisia species were effective on cooling down the temperature at high temperatures and they showed a tendency to maintain proper temperatures at low temperatures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.92-100
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• 2002

This study was carried out to obtain fundamental information on the growth response of interior landscape plants under fluorescent light, sunlight and optical fiber lighting indoors. Saintpaulia ‘Delaware’, ‘Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Anthurium scherzerianum and Ardisia crenata were examined using light intensity of 5001ux and 1,0001ux of fluorescent light, sunlight and optical fiber lighting in an interior environment. Results of experiments are as follows; 1) Plant growth status showed the best results under optical fiber lighting compared with fluorescent light or sunlight. 2) Plant growth status was better under 1,0001ux light intensity than 5001ux light intensity and in cases of the same light intensity, the highest growth increase was under optical fiber lighting. while it was showed relatively different according to the different plant species between a fluorescent light and sunlight. 3) The deep pinkish red color of Saintpaulia ‘Delaware’flower was obtained first under an optical fiber lighting and a fluorescent light, a sun light in that order. 4) Regarding interred activity, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate, intercellular CO, water absorption rate showed a similar tendency generally in spite of a little difference. Namely, transpiration rate and intercellular CO, $CO_2$ a absorption rate increased according to increase of photosynthetic rate. 5) Photosynthetic rate of test plants except Anthurium scherzerianum increased according to increase of light intensity and increased highest under optical fiber lighting in the same light intensity condition. Increases differed under fluorescent light and sun light. That of Saineaulia ‘Delaware’and Anthurium scherzerianum increased in the order of optical fiber, fluorescent light and sun light, but that of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana and Ardisia pusilla increased in the order of optical fiber lighting, sun light and fluorescent light. Summing up these results, In visual value or internal health status of all experimental plants we obtained the highest result under an optical fiber lighting. Finally, we need to introduce an optical fiber lighting in interior landscape space as main light source.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.227-244
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• 2013

We investigated the flora of Jang-do (Isl.), an island of the Heuksan archipelago, located in Heuksan-myeon, Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do and discussed the remarkable plants found there. Thirteen-field trips (total 27 days) were completed from May of 2004 to May of 2013. As a result, we identified the distribution of 423 taxa in Jang-do (Isl.), comprising 104 families, 285 genera, 335 species, 78 varieties and 10 forms. There are a total of 95 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants. The floristic regional indicators are as follows; four taxa of level V such as Impatiens furcillata, four taxa of level IV such as Hosta yingeri, 14 taxa of level III such as Ophioglossum vulgatum, 5 taxa of level II, and 58 taxa of level I. In addition 10 red data plants, 2 vulnerable species (VU) including Calanthe striata for. sieboldii, and 4 least concern species (LC) like Ardisia crenata, 2 not evaluated species (NE) such as Hosta yingeri, were found in the investigated area. An unrecorded species, Fragaria (Rosaceae), was found in a forest of Jang-do (Isl.) for the first time in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2008

New somatic chromosome numbers and karyotype analyses of 33 medicinal herbs (30 genera, 23 families) in Korea were investigated. The chromosome numbers of 4 taxa, Euryale ferox, Rodgersia podophylla, Cirsium japonicum var. ussurience, Eehinops setifer, showed results that are different from previous reports. Among 33 taxa, 23 taxa were reported for the first time, and karyotype analyses were newly conducted for 2 taxa (Tiarella polyphylla, Crepidiastrum denticulatum) in Korea. In addition, we observed for the first time the new chromosome numbers for 4 taxa distributed evenly over the world (Lindera erythrocarpa, Corylopsis glabrescens var. gotoana, Ardisia crenata, Callicarpa japonica var. luxurians).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.200-208
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• 2007

Fifty-four natural plants from Jeju Island, Korea were extracted by 70% methanol. The extracts containing the highest total phenolic contents (TPC) (>250 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry sample) were obtained from Ostrya japonica, Geranium thunbergii, Malus sieboldii, Ardisia japonica, and Agrimonia pilosa. DPPH inhibition activity was greatest in Ardisia crenata at 94.1%. A high correlation was observed between DPPH inhibition activity and TPC ($R^2=0.87$). Tyrosinase inhibition activities of more than 85% were obtained from the extracts of Persicaria filiformis, Rhus javanica, Alnus firma, and Myrica rubra. On the other hand, the P. filiformis and M. rubra extracts each showed more than 90% XOD inhibition activity. The five natural plants with the highest biological activities were also extracted by pressurized liquid (PLE, 100% methanol, 13.6 MPa, $40^{\circ}C$). The DPPH and tyrosinase inhibition activities were almost the same in both the 70% methanol and PLE extracts. The $IC_{50}$ for tyrosinase and elastase inhibition activities in PLE were 802 and 88 ppm in A. japonica, and 959 and 66 ppm in M. rubra, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.23-23
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• 2019

There are many island areas in Jeonnam Province and various plants are naturally grown due to their regional characteristics. Among them 217species were found to be Rare-Specialty plants in Jonnam Province. There are growing 35 species of Critically Endangered(CR), 37 species of Endangered Species(EN), 54 species of Vulnerable(VU) and 36 species of Least Concern(LC), many of which are native to islands far south or western of the sea. This report briefly describes the geographical distribution location and the state of reproduction among Rare-Specialty woody plants grown in the Warm-temperature Zone of Jeonnam Province. There are growing Michella compressa(Shinan-gun), Actinidia rufa(Wando-gun), Glochidion chodoense(Jindo-gun), Rhus ambigua(Yeosu), Wikstroemia ganpi (Goheung-gun, Yeosu) among of the 35 Critically Endangered species. Woody plants of Endangered Species(EN) are growing Albizia kalkora(Mokpo, Muan-gun), Daphne kiusiana(Shinan-gun), Marsdenia tomentosa(Wando-gun), Osmanthus insuralis(Yeosu, Shinan-gun). Woody plants of Vulnerable(VU) are growing Ardisia crenata(Wando-gun, Shinan-gun), Hibiscus hamabo(Wando-gun), Illicium anisatum (Jindo-gun), Koelreuteria paniculata(Wando-gun), Wikstroemia ganpi(Youngam-gun). Woody plants of Least Concern(LC) are Celtis choseniana(Yeosu), Chionanthus retusus(Wando-gun, Goheung-gun), Cinnamomum camphora(Wando-gun, Jindo-gun), Linder sericea(Boseong-gun).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1491-1496
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• 2008

Twenty natural plants from Jeju were extracted by pressurized organic solvent (100% methanol, $40^{\circ}C$, 13.6 MPa, 10 min). Extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC) and integral antioxidant capacity were measured, and each component was identified by GC/MS. Extraction yields were high as 21.8%, 21.5, 21.1, 20.7 and 20.1% in Rhus javanica, Euscaphis japonica, Alnus firma, Sapium japonicum and Sorbus alnifolia, respectively. The extracts containing high TPC (mg GAE/g of dry sample) were obtained from Malus sieboldii (68.3), Sapium japonicum (57.6), Pyrrosia lingua (56.6) and Euscaphis japonica (55.1). Integral antioxidant capacities of water-soluble substances were 598, 394, 293 and $270\;{\mu}mol$ ascorbic acid equivalent/g in Geranium thunbergii, Sapium japonicum, Cornus kousa and Rhus javanica, respectively. Integral antioxidant capacities of lipidsoluble substances were 611, 314, 296 and $242\;{\mu}mol$ trolox equivalent/g in Ardisia crenata, Ostrya japonica, Geranium thunbergii and Quercus acuta, respectively. Fifteen major peaks were identified by GC/MS from the extract of pressurized organic solvent from Sapium japonicum. Two polyphenols (gallic acid (retention time (RT) 19.7 min)) and quercetin (33.5 min)), ascorbic acid (RT 35.3 min), and several fatty acids (retention time 18.6, 21.0, 21.8, 21.9 and 23.6 min) were identified, and gallic acid was the major polyphenol component due to high peak area.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.447-466
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• 2019

The orchard flora where perennial fruit trees are grown may be different than in arable fields where annual crops are grown. The study focused on the floristic composition and characteristics of orchards in South Korea. The flora surveys were conducted in 36 areas in nine provinces at two times (May-June and August-September) in 2014. The results showed that the vascular orchard plants in South Korea included 466 taxa, which contained 91 families, 278 genera, 420 species, two subspecies, 39 varieties, four forms, and one hybrid. Among the 91 families, Compositae was the most diverse in species (66 taxa), followed by Gramineae (51 taxa), Leguminosae (28 taxa), Cyperaceae (18 taxa), Polygonaceae (17 taxa), Cruciferae (16 taxa), and Labiatae (14 taxa). Based on the occurrence frequency of each species, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. (100%) was the highest, followed by Acalypha australis L. (94.4%), Commelina communis L. (94.4%), Persicaria longiseta(Bruijn) Kitag.(91.7), Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.) L. W. Medicus(91.7%), Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. (91.7%), Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis (86.1%), Artemisia princeps Pamp. (86.1%), Cyperus microiria Steud. (86.1%), Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. (83.3%), Stellaria media(L.) Vill.(83.3%), and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.(83.3%). The biological type of orchards in South Korea was determined to be Th-₅-D₄-e type. Rare plants were found six taxa: Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl, Aristolochia contorta Bunge, Melothria japonica (Thunb.) Maxim., Ardisia crenata Sims, Gnaphalium hypoleucum DC., and Aster koraiensis Nakai. Eighty-five taxa contained naturalized plants composed of 23 families, 58 genera, 80 species, four varieties, and one form. The urbanization and naturalization indices were 26.3% and 18.2%, respectively.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.551-561
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• 2019

This study was conducted to find out differences in the removal efficiency of particulate matter (PM) depending on the type of plants and the morphological characteristics of leaves. A total of 12 plants were used, with three plants selected for each type of leaves (big leaf, small leaf, compound leaf, needle leaf). We measured the removed amount of PM10 and PM2.5, the structure of the abaxial leaf surface, and the weight of the wax layer of each plant. Plants with the high removal efficiency of PM included Pachira aquatica Aubl., Ardisia crenata, and Dieffenbachia 'Marianne', and plants with the low removal efficiency included Nandina domestica Thunb, Schefflera arboricola, and Quercus dentata. The abaxial leaf surface having a high removal efficiency of PM had many large wrinkles, and the abaxial leaf surface having a medium removal efficiency was flat and smooth. On the other hand, there were many fine hairs on the abaxial leaf surface with a low removal efficiency. According to the plant leaf type, the PM10 removal efficiency of plants with needle leaves was about three times higher than that of other plants. In particular, the wax layer of conifers weighed 6-24 times higher than those of other plants. The stomata of conifers were evenly distributed on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces; however, the stomata of Sciadopitys verticillata appeared in the form of papillae unlike general stomata. Therefore, the removal efficiency of PM varied depending on the macro-, and micro-morphological characteristics of plant leaves such as the structure of the abaxial leaf surface, and the weight of the wax layer. Based on this research, selecting plants that are effective in reducing PM in consideration of the plant type and leaf characteristics will improve indoor air quality and decrease exposure of PM to human body.