• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2022

Techniques based on computer vision are becoming increasingly important in construction safety monitoring. Using AI algorithms can automatically identify conceivable hazards and give feedback to stakeholders. However, the construction site remains various potential hazard situations during the project. Due to the site complexity, many visual devices simultaneously participate in the monitoring process. Therefore, it challenges developing and operating corresponding AI detection algorithms. Safety information resulting from computer vision needs to organize before delivering it to safety managers. This study proposes a framework for computer vision-aided construction safety monitoring using collaborative 4D BIM information to address this issue, called CSM4D. The suggested framework consists of two-module: (1) collaborative BIM information extraction module (CBIE) extracts the spatial-temporal information and potential hazard scenario of a specific activity; through that, Computer Vision-aid Safety Monitoring Module (CVSM) can apply accurate algorithms at the right workplace during the project. The proposed framework is expected to aid safety monitoring using computer vision and 4D BIM.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.340-346
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• 2012

Recently, the construction industry has been pursuing the rationalization of its various systems through informatization. Procurement is a highly important element of the construction process, as it is directly related to the cost and quality of a construction project. In addition, procurement management of resources is in an indivisible relation, so that it is significant to link each other effectively. This study proposed construction activity and basic data connected to cost summary work for the categorization and utilization of resources. This study connected that activity to detailed items of material and labor cost, and proposed a procurement planning model of resources by activity that can utilize all resources and information. In addition, this model can classify resources and information by various forms. We found that the utilization of this procurement planning model will be higher because it can grasp various problems that occur in the passive procurement and provide additional functions that can be modified.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.268-273
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• 2016

Background: This study was a long-term evaluation of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{90}Sr$ activity concentrations in seawater samples from the East Sea, Korea, in order to establish current activity levels. Results and long-term monitoring trends will be useful in the future monitoring of environmental radioactivity. Materials and Methods: Surface seawater samples were collected quarterly from Guryongpo and Jangho in the East Coast between 1998 and 2010 and the quarterly deep seawater samples were collected from three sites in the sea adjacent to Ulleung-do between 2012 and 2015. The activity concentrations of $^{137}Cs$ were measured using a gamma-spectrometer. The activity concentrations of $^{90}Sr$ and $^{90}Y$ in a radioactive equilibrium state were measured using a gas flow proportional counter. Results and Discussion: We found the annual average activity concentrations of $^{137}Cs$ in the surface seawater was $1.66-2.89mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in Guryongpo and $1.68-2.43mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in Jangho. The annual average activity concentrations of $^{90}Sr$ in the surface seawater was $0.83-1.98mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in Guryongpo and $0.82-1.57mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in Jangho. The annual average activity concentrations of $^{137}Cs$ in the deep seawater sites were $1.51-1.73mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, $1.19-1.60mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $0.87-1.15mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in TH, JD, and HP. The annual average activity concentrations of $^{90}Sr$ in the same deep seawater sites were $1.00-1.94mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, $0.82-1.26mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, and $0.79-1.32mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$. The effective half-life was calculated by analyzing change over time in the activity concentration in the surface seawater. The effective half-life of $^{137}Cs$ was $15.3{\pm}0.1years$ in Guryongpo and $102{\pm}3years$ in Jangho. The effective half-life of $^{90}Sr$ was $28.3{\pm}4.3years$ in Guryongpo and $16.6{\pm}0.1years$ in Jangho. The ratio of the average activity concentration ($^{137}Cs/^{90}Sr$) was 1.72 in the surface seawater, which is similar to the reported ratio of the global radioactive fallout. The ratio in the deep seawater was 1.24, which is somewhat low compared to the global ratio (1.6, 1.8). Conclusion: Activity concentrations of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{90}Sr$ in the seawaters of the East Sea were similar to the previously reported activity levels in the East Sea and northwestern Pacific as a result of global radioactive fallout following atmospheric nuclear weapon tests.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.114-125
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• 2013

Kengo Kuma used to be very known well as a critic before being an architect. He usually mentioned quite unique type of comments for subjects whenever his criticism, also even his works results have been able to be targets of criticism materials by his method. His works are the achievements of challenges based on his continuous dynamic criticism. Hence, to have well understanding of his architectural thinking and works result, his complexes criticism structure must be needed to understand. And also, this study is using 'KJ Method' type to analyze his architectural thinking which is complicated making by a type of non-linear. Kengo Kuma's structures of architectural thinking and critiques perspective of modern architecture have been created by 'KJ Method'. Critiques types of keywords and consequences words collected from among the local dedicated professional architecture books to get this research result. First of all, Kengo Kuma desired even modern architecture problems to be melt as a specific architecture result such as modern type of power structure. To have result, Kengo Kuma had experienced sensible activity through materials which have specific characteristic. Also place of materiality created to get relationship between environments and architecture. Secondly, he wanted to recover troubled traditional Japanese architectural perspective which blocked relationship by dichotomy as a right way. In conclusion, this research reaches Kengo Kuma's type of architecture which strongly emphasizes harmony among related components such as human being, materials, substances based on accepted natural environments and lives' principle. Also, much more specific methods have been derived by related works results analyzing which have similar characteristic as Kengo Kuma's one.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to suggest the basic data which can be used as comfortable dwelling circumstance to keep a life as self-reliant and secure as possible for their activity daily life in the elderly housing. In the results of this study we can be found that the elderly complain many difficult when they do their activity daily life in the interior housing space. See the aspect of space, improvement of architectural arrangements like stairs, lighting arrangements, bathroom, kitchen are required and in the characteristic of elderly, we can found the effect of health condition, education in activity daily life.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.421-428
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• 2016

In this work, pozzolanic activities of various waste materials were compared with those of well-known by-product pozzolanic materials. Undensified and densified silica fume, ASTM class F and class C fly ash, and metakaolin were chosen as well-known pozzolanic materials, and bentonite powder, ceramic powder obtained from wash basin, and waste glass wool, which can possibly possess pozzolanic property, were chosen for comparison. Drop in electrical conductivity at $40^{\circ}C$ saturated lime solution was measured for each materials. The amount of Ca(OH)2 decomposed from cement paste at $450{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ was also measured to evaluate pozzolanic activity. The 28 day compressive strength were used to observe the mechanical property enhanced by incorporation of various waste materials. According to the experimental results, using "difference between maximum conductivity value and conductivity value at 4 hour" was found to be a reasonable approach to determine pozzolanic activity of a material. Pozzolanic activity measured using electrical conductivity correlates very well with that measured using the amount of Ca(OH)2 remained in the cement paste. Relatively good agreement was also found with electrical conductivity and 28 day compressive strength. It was found that electrical conductivity measurement can be used to evaluate pozzolanic activity of unknown materials.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.139-145
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• 2015

Modular construction is combined with manufacturing production process and conventional construction industry technique. Considering characteristic of modular construction production process, manufacturing facilities require indirect costs for utilities, equipment, and overall maintenance, which can affect modular units pricing. However, current modular construction cost classification is inadvertent to reflect the manufacturing overhead costs, because it is generally added as a percentage to sum of labor, material and equipment as it called in single cost pool used. This process is easy to estimate the total construction cost at the project starting points, but it brings on misunderstanding of project profit estimations by "cross subsidization phenomenon". To prevent this situation, in this research aims to provide modular construction overhead cost handling process at the detailed indirect cost calculation for manufacturing stage using Activity-Based Costing as one of the powerful method for overhead costs estimation and allocation. Using this research results, modular construction cost estimators have more detailed cost information of modular units and prevent to misallocate indirect costs. Also, it can be utilized to aid the understanding of the company's profit structure.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.117-123
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• 2022

Recently, due to COV ID-19, many people are spending most of their time indoors. So, there is a rising interest on the indoor air quality in the field of building construction. The main sources for the indoor air pollution are human indoors activity, building materials, living supplies and the polluted air from outdoor. The Korean government has designated 17 indoor air pollutants including fine dust, total airborne bacteria, fungi and carbon dioxide, etc.. Most people are always exposed to assorted bacteria and molds in our daily life, because indoor environment for human, moderate temperature are humidity, it is favourable to the growth of most of bacteria and fungi. Pine needles have an antibacterial effect against bacteria and fungi. In this study, the antibacterial activity against bacteria and fungi was tested by cement matrix using pine needle extract. As a result, the cement matrix using pine needle extract showed antibacterial activities against bacteria, but in the case of fungi, it did not show antifungal activity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-43
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• 1998

With increased social participation of married women and with the notion of importance of pre-school childhood on human development, the importance of nurseries is being emphasized. The transformation of the traditional family system into a nuclear family system and the deterioration of the traditional child education have also put nurseries as a primal social interest. But, at present, at the end of 1994, only 10% of the children have benefitted from such facilities, the supply not being able to meet demand. Also, the spatial organization and the management of such facilities has been unsatisfactory. In this perspective, this study aims to grasp the present condition of nurseries, to investigate and analyse case studies, to suggest standards and reform measures, and based on these, to produce basic information for the formation of an architectural spatial model. We've selected investigation of present conditions and case studies, interviews, and observation as investigative methods and through these we've assessed tangible spatial planning and spatial proportion by parts. 1. The most preferred grouping method is toddler/preschooler type, and the group size and staff-to-child ratios vary according to the children's age 2. The younger children's activity rooms are located in the lower level, and the activity room of the children on the similar development stages are located adjacent to one another 3. Most of the facilities do not have the public spaces(indoor playrooms, dinning rooms, napping rooms, bathrooms, sickrooms) For dinning and napping, activity rooms are being used, and for sickrooms, director's room or staff rooms 4. As for the correlations of the spaces(home bases, activity rooms and its outdoor spaces, day-care-centers and its community), closed plan type is 90% over, and modified open plan is 10% min.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.4E
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• pp.58-64
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• 1996

The aims of this study were to investigate the covariation between the extent of activity disturbances and general annoyance, and to study the relation between the extent of annoyance reactions and noise sensitivity. This paper presents a description of a model developed by taking into account self-rated noise sensitivity and noise rating(i,e., annoyance) for road traffic. The results indicate that there are large variations in noise sensitivity which is independent on the level of noise. It is also found that the extent of all activity disturbances decreased with decreased general annoyance. The paper suggests a normative approach to predicting individual's reaction to noise exposure, based on a periodically observed relationship between the prevalence of activity disturbance and annoyance. The model also predicts a road traffic-noise adaptatin level for each individual.