• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.453-462
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• 2010

The effects of unripe apple mask pack made from unripe apple extracts on the skin status of middle-aged women for 4 weeks were investigated. The subjects were divided into three groups: placebo mask pack as the control (PM, n = 8), apple mask pack (AM, n = 16), and apple mask pack + apple intake (AAM, n = 12). The study included a survey questionnaire, and evaluations of nutrients intakes and of skin status. Skin status was measured by Aramo-TS. After 4 weeks, facial moisture, elasticity, evenness, and wrinkle level were improved in AM and AAM. The facial moisture level (AM: $+3.13\;{\pm}\;2.73$, AAM: $+2.25\;{\pm}\;2.93$) and elasticity level (AM: $+5.81\;{\pm}\;8.27$, AAM: $+5.50\;{\pm}\;6.13$) of AM (p < 0.001) and AAM (p < 0.05) were increased. The facial evenness level (AM: $-5.25\;{\pm}\;8.13$, AAM: $-9.17\;{\pm}\;4.26$) and wrinkle level (AM: $-10.88\;{\pm}\;11.74$, AAM: $-17.83\;{\pm}\;12.22$) were significantly decreased. AAM was more effective in improving skin elasticity, evenness, and wrinkle. The skin status of PM was not changed. While the macronutrient intakes of all the subjects were not different before and after the study, the daily intakes of some vitamins (vitamins $B_6$, C, and E and folic acid) during the study were significantly increased in AAM. These findings suggested that regular use of apple mask pack was effective in improving overall skin status. Furthermore, the consumption of apples with mask pack application was much better in improving skin status.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.2
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• pp.307-312
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• 2014

Wild boar have increased in recent years in Korea where damage to agricultural crops is considered as a social issue. The ecological studies on wild boar are essential for the effective management in the future. During May and December 2012, We collected 79 wild boar stomach samples from culling program implementation to reduce agricultural damage in Geochang County and analyzed stomach contents to figure out wild boar diet habit and which crop was preferred. There was seasonal variation in the diet. Plant foods represented up to 93.5% of the diet and were consumed more frequently than animal foods. Invertebrates occurred with high frequency but were underestimated in dry weight because they are rapidly digested. Agricultural crops consumed comprised mainly chestnuts(33%), rice(33%), and apples(24%). Agricultural crops are also a potentially important food resources for wild boar. The frequency of occurrence of earthworms was 50% of diet. Earthworm consumption generally increased in summer, and then decreased in winter. Our results show that wild boar can be considered an omnivore whose diet consists of plant and animal foods. To reduce wild boar agricultural damages, We have to focus on the prevention effort to rice paddy adjacent to chestnut forest and to apple orchard.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2016

Qualitiy characteristics such as moisture content, pH, acidity, sugar content, salinity, appearance, flavor, taste, color and overall acceptance of apple Jangachi cured with different traditional Korean sauces (Kochujang, Doenjang, Kanjang) were investigated during storage time. The initial moisture content of the apple Jangachi was an average of 14.97%. But after curing with the three sauces (Kochujang, Doenjang, and Kanjaing) moisture content increased to 27~28%, 41~4% and 56~58%, respectively. The pH was 4.84-5.42 regardless of sauce. Total acidity increased from 0.4%, 0.34%, 0.34% to 1.14%, 0.60%, 0.67%. respectively. But acidity decreased after 10 days. Sugar content of apple jangachi decreased throughout the aging time regardless of sauce type. Salinity of apple Jangachi increased to a certain level during storage time regardless of sauce type. Apple Jangachi softened during storage as they increased in moisture content. All sensory characteristics of Kocuhjang apples showed a higher score than Doenjang and Kanjang. Overall, Kocuhjang seems most appropriate for curing apple Jangachi.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.990-995
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• 2010

This study was conducted to compare differences in fruit quality by harvest time of 'Fuji' apple fruit that was frozen on tree by unusual low temperature in that air temperature was under $-3.5^{\circ}C$ for 7 hours. Fruits were harvested at 1 day before, and 2 days and 6 days after freezing damage, respectively. Harvest's soluble solid contents in all treatments was over $14^{\circ}Bx$. Firmness and titratable acidity of fruit harvested after freezing damage was lower than those of fruit harvested before freezing damage. During cold storage, ethylene production of fruit harvested after freezing damage was higher than that of fruit harvested before freezing damage. The reduction in the level of fruit quality during cold storage of fruit harvested after freezing damage was more serious than that of fruit harvested before freezing damage. The reduction of fruit quality during subsequent ambient temperature for 1 week after cold storage of fruit harvested after freezing damage was higher than that of fruit harvested before freezing damage. In comparison of treatments that were harvested at different times after freezing damage, ethylene production and reduction in the level of fruit quality until 8 weeks of cold storage of fruit harvested at 6 days after freezing damage was lower than that of fruit harvested at 2 days after freezing damage. However, this difference by harvest time after freezing damage disappeared after 8 weeks of cold storage. Incidence of flesh browning was not affected by freezing at air temperature under $-3.5^{\circ}C$ for 7 hours.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.291-294
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• 2008

The Streptomyces padanus isolate TH04, isolated from mummified peaches, showed strong antifungal activity to Monilinia fructicola. The inhibition activity of the isolate TH04 to mycelial growth and spore germination at 1% concentration of sub-antifungal powder made from culture suspension (CS) was ranged from 79.8% to 81.0% and from 73.9% to 75.8% to M. fructicola four strains, respectively. In the test of antifungal activity in mixed culture of the isolate and M. fructicola, inhibition rate was 7.5%, 86.8% and 94.0% in 0.01, 0.1, and 1% concentration of CS containing bacterial cell of the isolate, respectively. On apples (cultivar; Fuji), the control values of the isolate TH04 crude filtrates (0.1 and 1%) were 85.9% and 100%, respectively. The results suggest that the isolate TH04 indicate development possibility as biocontrol agent of brown rot caused by M. fructicola with the study on delivery method and fermentation condition to produce an antifungal compound.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.6646-6651
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• 2014

This study was carried out to find the social welfare effects of agricultural outlook information service for fruit in Korea. The goals of an agricultural outlook information service are to improve the efficiency of the agricultural product market, and stabilize the farmer's income and consumer price. This paper introduces the results of econometric analysis for the effects of social welfare benefits. According to the results of econometric analysis for the citrus industry, the effects of the social welfare benefits were estimated to be 15,228 million KRW on apples (ratio of the total revenue, 1.5%), 3,154 million KRW on pears (ratio of the total revenue, 1.8%), 1,936 million KRW on peaches (ratio of the total revenue, 0.9%), 5,211 million KRW on grapes (ratio of the total revenue, 1.0%), 44,976 million KRW on citrus (ratio of the total revenue, 5.4%), and 2,590 million KRW on sweet persimmon (ratio of the total revenue, 0.8%) in 2012.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 1998

The occurrence of postharvest disease of apple was surveyed from 1995 to 1997 in the major apple-producing area in Korea. Ten genera including Alternaria spp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium spp., and Penicillium spp. were isolated from the decayed apple fruits. Of these, B. cinerea, Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. were frequently isolated and were highly pathogenic to apple fruits. Optimum temperature of mycelial growth for Penicillium spp. ranged from 10 to $30^{\circ}C$ and that of mycelial growth for B. cinerea and Alternaria spp. ranged from 5 to $30^{\circ}C$. Optimum temperature of sporulation of Penicillium spp. and Alternaria spp. ranged $15{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$, respectively. Occurrence of postharvest disease of apple increased in neglecting selection of wounded fruits before storing apples. Most of these fungi causing postharvest diseases such as Penicillium spp, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria spp. were isolated from healthy fruits sampled at apple orchard. These results suggested that posthavest diseases of apple were originated from apple fruits contaminated from apple orchard and occurred during storage. In addition, five fungicides including prochloraz EC, fenari EC, captan WP, benomyl WP and folpet WP suppressed posthavest diseases when they sprayed on apple fruits at 30 days before harvesting.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.68-77
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• 2012

Flavan-3-ols are a subclass of flavonoids found in a variety of foods including teas. The effects of flavan-3-ols on the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been investigated, generally focusing on tea catechins or individual flavan-3-ol rich foods, but there is little information on dietary flavan-3-ols intake and risk of MetS in population-based studies. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the association between dietary flavan-3-ols intake and the risk of MetS in Korean adults. Subjects comprised 1,827 men and 2,918 women aged 20-69 years whose data was included in the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. This survey was conducted between January 2008 and December 2008. Total flavan-3-ols intakes were calculated from 24-hour dietary recalls using a flavonoids database. Thirty percent of the male subjects and 24% of the female subjects were reported as having MetS. In the female subjects, flavan3-ols intake was inversely associated with the risk of MetS after adjusting for potential confounders (5th vs. 1st quintile, OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.45-0.91, P for trend=0.384). The main food source of flavan-3-ols was green tea followed by apples and grapes. Among MetS components, flavan-3-ols intake was inversely associated with the risk of high blood pressure after adjusting for potential confounders (5th vs. 1st quintile, OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.45-0.90, P for trend=0.005). No significant association between flavan-3-ols intake and risk of MetS was found in the male subjects. After stratified analysis by obesity (BMI ${\geq}$ 25 or BMI < 25), however, flavan3-ols intake was inversely related to the risk of hypertension in non-obese men. These results suggest that dietary flavan-3-ols intake may have beneficial effects on MetS risk by reducing the risk of hypertension. The effects of flavan-3-ols intake dependent on obesity need further investigation.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.185-189
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• 2009

A monoterpenoid compound, benzylideneacetone (BZA), is a metabolite of an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila. Its primary biological activity is an inhibitor of phospholipase $A_2$, which catalyzes the committed step of biosynthesis of various eicosanoids that are critically important to mediate insect immune responses. When BZA was applied to two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, it exhibited a dose-dependent mortality in leaf-disc assay. Subsequently BZA was tested against T. urticae infesting apples in a field orchard, in which it showed a significant control efficacy, which was not statistically different with that of a commercial acaricide. BZA also had significant antibacterial activities against three species of plant pathogenic bacteria when it was added to the bacterial cultures, in which it showed the highest inhibitory activity against a bacterial wilt-causing pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum. The bacterial pathogen caused significant disease symptom to young potato plants. However, BZA significantly suppressed the disease occurrence. This study suggests that BZA can be used to develop a novel crop protectant to control mite and bacterial pathogen.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.585-590
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• 2016

In this study, the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of aqueous ethanolic extract from the immature fruits of Malus pumila cv. Fuji were evaluated. The antioxidant capacities of the extract was investigated employing radical scavenging assays using DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radicals. The skin-whitening effect of M. pumila cv. Fuji extract was tested using mushroom tyrosinase assay. In addition, the total phenolic content was measured by a spectrophotometric analysis. All tested samples showed a dose-dependent radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Among the tested samples, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion from the immature fruits of M. pumila cv. Fuji was showed the significant DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radicals scavenging activities. Also, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion from immature apples was higher than other solvent-soluble portion. These results suggest that unripe fruits of M. pumila cv. Fuji could be considered as a new valuable source of natural antioxidant and skin-whitening agents. Systematic investigation of immature fruits of Malus pumila cv. Fuji will be performed for the further development of its biological properties.