• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.364-370
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• 2019

This study was conducted to select cultivars and determine the harvest period suited for the availability of biological activities in unripen apple. To analyze effective the components in the apple (Malus domestica), three cultivars, 'Summerking', 'Hongro', 'Fuji' were harvested from 40~50 days after full bloom to harvest time. Soluble solid content increased gradually by ripening but titratable acidity decreased with ripening regardless of the cultivars. The total phenol content significantly reduced with ripening from May 30 to July 30 (p<0.05). Substantially, the total phenol content of 'Hongro' in May 30 was four times higher than that of 'Summerking' in the same period and ten times higher than that of 'Hongro' in August 30. The total flavonoid content reduced with ripening regardless of cultivars (p<0.05) and that of 'Hongro' in May 30 was significantly highest (p<0.05). The ascorbic acid content was the highest in 'Hongro' in May 30 (p<0.05). The contents of tannin and ursolic acid significantly reduced with ripening from May 30 to July 30 (p<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between Hogro and Fuji after July 30. Therefore, 'Hongro' harvested in May 30 was considered to be best in the utilization of the effective components of immature apple.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.481-487
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• 2010

The ripening behavior of three apple cultivars, 'Tsugaru', 'Hongro' and 'Fuji' was distinctive and the involvement of POLYGALACTURONASE(PG) in the fruit softening process was confirmed to be ethylene dependent. Fruit softening is genetically coordinated by the action of several cell wall enzymes, including PG which depolymerizes cell wall pectin. Also, loss of firmness is associated with increasing of the ripening hormone, ethylene. In this work, climacteric ripening of three apple cultivars, Tsugaru, Hongro and Fuji, producing different ethylene levels and ripening responses, was examined. Correspondingly in Fuji, a linear and basal ethylene level was observed over the entire period of measurements, and Tsugaru and Hongro displayed a typical climacteric rise in ethylene production. Transcript accumulation of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis (MdACS3 and MdACO1) and MdPG1 was studied in Tsugaru, Hongro and Fuji cultivars. Expression of MdACO1 transcripts was shown in all three ripened apple fruits. However, the MdACS3 and MdPG1 were transcribed differently in these cultivars. Comparing the MdPG1 of 'Tsugaru', 'Hongro' and 'Fuji', structural difference was discovered by genomic Southern analysis. Overall results pointed out that MdACS3 and MdPG1 play an important role in regulation of fruit ripening in apple cultivar.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2016

고온은 사과(Malus domestica Borkh) 과실의 품질에 영향을 끼치는 가장 중요한 환경 요인 중 하나이다. 착색기의 '홍로' 사과 과실을 3단계로 구분하여 Real-time PCR을 통해 온도조건에 따른 안토시아닌 합성과 당 축적 관련 유전자의 발현 차이를 조사하였다. 당 합성관련 유전자인 ${\beta}$-amylase(BMY)와 polygalacturonase(PG)의 발현은 변색 시작단계보다 마지막 단계에서 월등히 높았다. 과피의 착색과 관련있는 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), chalcone synthase(CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase(F3H)와 malate dehydrogenase(MDH)유전자는 변색 초기작단계에서는 고온 처리 24시간후에 발현이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 변색 중간단계에서는 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 변색단계별로 보았을 때 $25^{\circ}C$처리구가 다른 온도처리구보다 발현 정도가 더 높았으며, 변색 시작단계보다 마지막 단계에서의 발현이 강하게 유도되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 착색 초기단계의 과실이 고온스트레스가 가장 영향을 끼치므로 착색초기단계의 과실을 이용하여 전사체를 분석하면 분자생물학적 수준에서 사과의 성숙대사에서 유용한 정보를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.131-151
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• 1970

A new method of plastic film coating has been investigated to extend storage life of apples. The film coating was effected by dipping fresh apples in a plastic emulsion. The effect of plastic film coating on the preservation of freshness, respiratory activities and chemical components during storage, has been investigated on four leading varieties of apples. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The effect of film coating on storage life of apples was apparent, resulting in delay of after-ripening, shriveling, softening or physiological impediment as well as reducing consumption of reserve materials and waste fruits. 2. Change in the partial pressure of gas, i.e., increase in carbon dioxide and decrease in oxygen in apple tissue was resulted by the plastic film coating, suggesting that the film deposited on the fruit interfered with the diffusion of gases formed therein. 3. The effects of plastic film coating on the fruit storage varied with the type of plastic emulsions, coating temperature, varieties of apples and degree of fruit ripening. As regard to apple varieties, good results were obtained with PVA 217 for both American Summer Pearmain and Jonathan, and PVC 443 for McIntosh. 4. Reduction in the diminution rates of L-malic acid, ascorbic acid and soluble pectin etc. during storage of apples may account for the improved storage life of the fruits treated with plastic films.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.33-39
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• 1981

This study was attempted to determine the pectin contents of various fruits(Cherry, strawberry, plum, peach, apricot, apple, crabapple) and to investigate the changes in the properties of pectin and pectin gel during crabapple ripening. Methoxyl content, molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity were measured in ripened and unripened crabapples. In order to determine the characteristics of pectin gel, percent sag was measured by exchange Ridgelimeter, hardness and textural characteristics of jellies were measured by a penetrometer and a texturometer. The experimental results are summarized as follows: 1. The pectin contents of various fruits were 1.16% for cherry, 3.17% fir strawberry, 4.29% for plum, 5.51% for apricot, and pectin contents of peaches and apples varies depends on varieties from 4.54% to 5.61% to 6.52, respectively. The pectin contents of unripened and ripened crabapple wee 9.21% and 9.84% respectively, indicating that pectin content increased with fruit maturity. 2. The methoxyl contents, which was 6.61%~6.95%, was very low and it increased significantly during fruit ripening. Further, a decrease in acetyl content, intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight occurred during the ripening of crabapples. 3. The percent sag of crabapple jellies increased with fruit maturity from 5.26% to 5.79%, and the corresponding jelly grade decreased in ripened crabapple. 4. The hardness of jellies determined by a penetrometer was 79.15 pp.U. for ripened crabapple jelly, 90.62 pp.U. for unripe ned crabapple jelly. 5. In the textural characteristics of gels measured by a texturometer, the gels made from unripened crabapple were shown to have the highest values in hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and gumminess.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 1986

수확적기의 한국산 사과품종별 총펙틴함량과 각 펙틴 fraction 함량을 알아보고 2% Sodium hexa metaphosphate (SHMP)로 추출한 펙틴의 품종간 그리고 시판 펙틴과의 성분을 비교하였다. Nitta 방법에 의해 정량한 사과의 품종별 펙틴함량은 건조중량으로 1.76∼4.0％로 품종간에 차이를 보여 국광이 4.0%로 가장 높았으며 스퍼 얼리 브래이스 골덴 딜리셔스, 후지, 홍옥의 순이었다. 각 펙틴 fraction을 보면 용해성 펙틴함량은 국광이 가장 낮았고 스퍼 얼리 브레이스와 골덴 딜리셔스가 가장 높았다. 한편 스퍼 얼리 브레이스와 골덴 딜리셔스의 불용성 펙틴함량이 낮은 것으로 보아 이 두 사과는 숙성초기에 펙틴물질이 많이 변하는 것 같다. 2% SHMP로 추출한 총펙틴질의 성분 분석에서 회분함량은 사과품종간에 차이를 보이며 시판 펙틴보다 높았다. Anhydrogalacturonic acid (AUA) 함량은 시판 펙틴보다 낮으며 품종간에 범위가 다양했다. 메톡실함량은 시판펙틴보다 높으며 모든 사과품종이 70% 이상의 에스터화정도를 가졌다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.24-35
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• 2021

Blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum is one of the most significant postharvest diseases of apples. Some microorganisms associated with the surface of ripening apples possess the ability to inhibit the growth of P. expansum. However, the existing literature about their colonization in the stages before ripening is not explored in depth. This study aims to characterize the antagonistic capacity of bacterial populations from five fruit development stages of 'Royal Gala' apples. The results have shown that the density of the bacterial populations decreases throughout the ripening stages of fruit (from 1.0 × 105 to 1.1 × 101 cfu/㎠). A total of 25 bacterial morphotypes (corresponding to five genera identified by 16S RNA) were differentiated in which Bacillus stood out as a predominant genus. In the in vitro antagonism tests, 10 Bacillus strains (40%) inhibited the mycelial growth of P. expansum from 30.1% to 60.1%, while in fruit bioassays, the same strains reduced the fruit rot ranging from 12% to 66%. Moreover, the bacterial strains with antagonistic activity increased in the ripening fruit stage. B. subtilis subsp. spiziennii M24 obtained the highest antagonistic activity (66.9% of rot reduction). The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis revealed that bacteria with antagonistic activity produce anti-fungal lipopeptides from iturin and fengycin families.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 2017

Fruits are subjected to a variety of vibration stress during the transportation from a production area to markets. Vibration inputs are transmitted from the transporting vehicle through the packaged fruit. And the steady state vibration input may cause serious internal damage of fruit. Product quality of fruits declines by various factors while they are stored right after harvesting and among the substance in charge of post ripening action, ethylene ($C_2H_4$) biosynthesis increases fruits' respiration process after harvesting and decreases storage expectancy. Ethylene production of apples rapidly increases while storage duration becomes longer. This tendency is much clearer for the apples with vibration stress at input acceleration level. When there was no vibration stress, change in ethylene production level of apples are not very large during storage. Ethylene production rates inside the gas collecting container increased significantly ($p{\leq}0.05$) after 24 hours storage, particularly for apples with vibration stress ($0.7{\mu}l/kg{\cdot}hr$ (1st stack), $0.78{\mu}l/kg{\cdot}hr$ (2nd stack), $0.96{\mu}l/kg{\cdot}hr$ (3rd stack)); whereas less ethylene was produced in control apples ($0.18{\mu}l/kg{\cdot}hr$ during storage. Also ethylene production rates of apples according to the stack position were significantly different ($p{\leq}0.05$). The vibration stress clearly accelerated the degradation of apple quality during storage, resulting in increased ethylene production.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.174-181
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• 1985

사과과실(Malus Pumila Mill var. Fugi)을 preclimacteric단계에 수확하여 380mmHg, $20^{\circ}C$의 조건에서 감압저장하고 climacteric rise의 각 단계별로 전자현미경적으로 관찰한 결과, 사과저장 중 감압처리가 엽록체의 초미세구조변화에 미치는 영향과 이로 인한 저장기간 연장효과를 규명하였다. 760mmHg, $20^{\circ}C$의 조건에서 저장한 상압저장 과실은 25일간의 저장으로 이미 막투과성의 변화로 인한 공포화현상으로 인하여 엽록체의 초미세구조에 상당한 변화가 일어나 stroma부위의 전자밀도가 낮아지고, lamellar system이 와해되었으며, 50일간의 저장에서는 광범위한 breakdown현상으로 인하여 stroma부위의 전자밀도상실, lamella system상실 등의 초미세구조변화가 매우 심하게 나타나 저장성이 상실되었다. 한편 380mmHg, $20^{\circ}C$의 조건에서 저장한 감압저장과실은 상압저장과실에 비하여 엽록체의 초미세구조변화가 크게 억제되었다. 특히 thlakoid막은 climacteric rise가 진전되어 공포화현상이 심하게 나타나서 lamella구조가 완전히 와해되었을 경우에도 비교적 건전한 상태로 유지되어 저장기간이 2개월정도 연장되었는데, 저장 중의 감압처리로 인하여 막투과성변화가 억제되어 사과과실의 숙성 및 연화가 지연됨으로써 저장기간이 연장된 것으로 판단되었다.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.79-91
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• 2016

농가생산 사과장아찌의 품질개선을 위한 기초 자료로 제공하고자 농가생산 사과 장아찌와 시판 장아찌 11종을 대상으로 품질인자에 대한 특성을 조사하였다. 장아찌의 수분함량은 간장 및 식초 절임 장아찌가 각각 74~84%, 81~91%, 된장 절임 장아찌가 89% 그리고 고추장 절임 장아찌가 38~64%였다. 무 고추장 장아찌의 수분함량은 57~64%이었으며, 사과 고추장 장아찌는 48%로 무장아찌에 비해 낮았으나 고추장 절임을 한 감(38%)과 매실(39%)장아찌에 비해 다소 높았다. 장아찌의 적정 숙성기간을 나타내는 지표인 pH 및 적정산도는 각각 pH 3.4~5.6, 0.03~0.14%로 조사되었다. 무장아찌의 pH는 5.2~5.6 이었으며, 오이, 감, 매실, 사과장아찌의 pH는 각각 3.4~4.1, 4.1, 3.5, 4.1로 비슷하였다. 이는 전통장아찌(pH 3.03~5.36)와 비교하여도 적정한 범주에 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 사과장아찌의 당도는 30%로 고추장 무장아찌에 비해 12~18% 높았으나 감장아찌(39%)와 매실장아찌(49%)에 비해서는 다소 낮았다. 장아찌의 염도는 절임원에 따라 간장(6~13%), 된장(7%), 고추장(3~4%) 순으로 낮게 나타났다. 사과장아찌의 염도는 3.28로 간장 및 된장을 절임원으로 사용하여 상업적으로 생산된 제품에 비해 저염인 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 색도 측정결과 사과장아찌의 명도(54.70)는 오이장아찌(50.86, 56.02)와 비슷하였으며, 적색도 및 황색도는 각각 16.21, 26.78로 무 고추장 장아찌의 적색도(7.27~11.23)와 황색도(10.62~14.69)에 비해 높았다. 관능적 특성은 무, 오이장아찌와 함께 색, 향, 맛 각각 7.00, 7.50, 7.00 점으로 기호도가 높은 것으로 평가되었다. 반면 전체적인 선호도는 6.83점으로 매실이나 무장아찌에 비해 점수가 낮았다. 전체적으로 아삭아삭한 씹힘성이 있는 장아찌를 선호하는 경향에 기인한 것으로 보이며 사과장아찌의 조직감을 개선할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.