• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.11 s.158
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• pp.1538-1549
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was 1) to identify gender differences in appearance management behavior and influencing variables(media involvement, body satisfaction and self-esteem), 2) the effects of influencing variables on appearance management behavior, and 3) to analyze the relationships among influencing variables. The data were collected ken 458 fifth and sixth grade girls and boys of five elementary schools ill Seoul, Korea via self-administered questionnaires, and were analyzed by factor analysis, t-test, and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows: Regarding the gender differences in research variables, preteen girls showed more interest in clothing/hair style management, weight management, TV involvement and celebrity imitation than preteen boys. Girls showed lower level of satisfaction than boys. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify the effects of media involvement, body satisfaction and self-esteem on appearance management behavior. For boy group, clothing/hair style interest was influenced by celebrity imitation, and weight management by TV involvement, body satisfaction and school self-esteem, and height management by celebrity management and school self-esteem. For girl group, clothing/hair style management was influenced by celebrity imitation and general self-esteem, and weight management by body satisfaction, general self-esteem, celebrity imitation and TV involvement, and height management by school self-esteem, TV involvement, time spent watching TV and general self-esteem. From the results of analyzing relationships among influencing variables, it was found that media involvement influenced self-esteem; TV involvement and celebrity imitation influenced school self-esteem; body satisfaction had the effect on all three sub dimensions of self-esteem in boy group. For female group, TV involvement had the effect on body satisfaction, and celebrity imitation on general self-esteem, the family self-esteem and school self-esteem, and body satisfaction on all three sub dimensions of self-esteem.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.515-528
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to classify appearance management attitudes into groups and analyze the difference of self-efficacy and body satisfaction by the groups. Questionnaires were administered to 255 college students living in Deagu Metropolitan City and Kyungbook province. The data collected were analyzed by using frequency, factor analysis, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, ANOVA, Duncan-test, t-test, and ${\chi}^2$-test. The findings were as follows. Appearance management attitudes of college students were classified into three groups such as group health body, low body interest group, emphasizes collective body. The appearance management attitudes showed significant correlation with the sub-variables of self-efficacy and body satisfaction. Male students showed no significant difference in self-efficacy by the groups while female students showed a significant one in task performance which was a sub-variable of self-efficacy. Both of the male and female students showed a significance of difference in the gap between actual and ideal weight which was a sub-variable of body satisfaction by the groups. Gender of college students showed distinction between the sub-variables of self-efficacy factors such as task performance, and anxiety and body satisfaction such as BMI, the difference between current height and ideal height, the difference between current weight and ideal weight.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.226-233
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of appearance management behavior, appearance management motives and body image perception according to males' gender role identities. A set of questionnaire was administered to 398 male consumers. Data were analyzed by utilizing frequency, factor analysis, ANONA, and Crosstabs. The results showed that four groups of male consumers according to the gender role identity were androgyny, unclassified, femininity, and masculinity. The androgyny oriented group showed more active and various appearance management behavior. And they were more conscious of their own body image and rated themselves high in body image perception. The masculinity oriented group were satisfied with their bodies and showed positive attitudes on their body figures and hair care. The femininity oriented group showed positive attitudes on skin care and plastic surgery for social life.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.115-129
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the physical-related stress on the appearance management behavior of middle-aged women. The questionnaires were administered to 414 middle-aged women living in Gwang-ju city, Korea. For analysis of data, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, ANOVA and Duncan-test were applied. The result was as follows. First, the middle-aged women's physical-related stress was classified as follows: 1) body-related stress, 2) face-related stress, 3) hair-related stress. The middle-aged women were under a lot of pressures from hair. Second, usually, between the group of physical-related much stress and a little stress. There was not significant difference in appearance management behavior: existence in a purchasing experience. But there were significant differences in it: intention of purchasing. Third, among demographic factors(age, educated level, job, income, and existence or nonexistence menstruation), there were significant differences on a physical-related stress. Finally, among demographic factors(age, educated level, job, income, existence or nonexistence her husband, and existence or nonexistence menstruation), there were significant differences in appearance management behavior.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.55-73
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the body cathexis and appearance management behaviors of the high school girls according to their demographic, physical, psychological. and school related variables. Data was obtained from 378 high school girls in Jeonju City by self-administered questionnaires from March to April. 2001. The results of this study were; 1. Body cathexis of high school twirls was relatively low, face and upper body cathexis were higher than other body parts. but lower-body and total body cathexis were low. 2. Body cathexis of high school twirls was in exact proportion to their parents' educational level total household income. and monthly pocket money. And it was higher in case of tall. light. external personality. higher self-esteem, art or physical high school girls. and the vocational high school twirls. with good academic records. and popular among friends. 3. High school girls showed higher appearance management behaviors such as bath, skin care. hair care. but they did risky appearance management behaviors such as drug use. diet. plastic cosmetic a tittle. The students in case of mother's higher educational level. more monthly income of household, more pocket money. external personalities. lower self-esteem, art or physical high school girls and the vocational high school girls, with good academic records, popular among friends showed higher appearance management behaviors .

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.29-41
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of value systems and social self-concept on the appearance management behavior and clothing benefits according to gender. The data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire from 453 male and female college students in Jecheon and analyzed by factor analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression, and t-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Value systems and clothing benefits classified into four factors respectively. 2. There existed significant differences according to gender in value system factors, social self-concept, appearance management behaviors and clothing benefit factors. 3. There existed correlations between value system factors and social self-concept. For male students, four factors of value system were correlated with social self-concept. But only one factor(pursuit of peaceful and secure life) was correlated with social self-concept for female students. 4. In male and female students, appearance management behaviors and clothing benefits were influenced by various value system factors and social self-concept.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.533-546
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• 2008

This study aims on observing the recognition and attitude of caring for outer appearance by deducing the factors of men caring for their outer appearance at current point where male position is being emphasized in the appearance related market and their interest for outer appearance care is increasing. As a result of conducting a survey, male appearance caring behavior was distinguished into fashion, skin and cosmetic, cosmetic surgery, physical image, and hair factors, and among them, physical image factor showed the highest average, which proves that men generally have positive attitude towards caring for their looks. Concerning skin and cosmetics, the results show that interest is high regardless of age and occupation, and the lower the age is, the higher average for fashion, cosmetic surgery, and hair factors, proving that young men have more interest for caring after their looks. However, there was difference in outer appearance caring behavior pursued or favored by each age bracket according to the higher average for physical image in the age bracket higher than 30. Also, each factor of outer appearance caring behavior turned out to have significant correlation to each other.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.107-124
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to classify types in sense of gender role identity and to figure out the difference among sociocultural attitude, benefits of clothing pursuit, and appearance management behaviors by sense of gender role identity types. Questionnaires were administered to 455 people in their twenties and thirties living in Daegu and Kyoungbuk area. Data were analyzed by using frequency, factor analysis, credibility, $X^2$-test, ANOVA, Duncan-test, and t-test. The findings are as follows. First, Men of androgyny group showed the highest rate of 38.5% followed by undifferentiation(22.9%), masculineness(21.0%), and feminineness(17.6%). Women of undifferentiation group showed the highest rate of 33.2% followed by feminineness (25.2%), androgyny(22.0%), and masculineness(19.6%). Second, factors of sociocultural attitude were internalization and recognition. Benefits of clothing pursuit consists of the factors such as consciousness of others, personality, and vogue pursuit. Factors of appearance management behaviors were dressing, skin management, plastic surgery management, weight management, health management, and hair management. Third, the result from the difference between sociocultural attitude and benefits of clothing pursuit by sense of gender role identity types, men of androgyny and feminineness showed highest in recognition while women of androgyny showed highest in internalization and recognition. The result of the difference in benefits of clothing pursuit by sense of gender role identity shows that both men and women of androgyny group have high tendency for being conscious of others, personality pursuit, and vogue pursuit while men of undifferentiation and masculineness have low interest in dressing in relationship with others. Fourth, the examination of the difference in appearance management behavior by sense of gender role identity types found men of androgyny group managed dressing, skin, weight, health and hair most while women dress and health most. Men of undifferentiation group managed dressing and weight least, while men of masculineness health, and men of feminineness hair least.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.461-479
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• 2017

This study was to investigate the appearance orientation and body shape management of adolescents in Daejeon. A survey was performed from December 16th~28th 2015 and 355 respondents were collected for analysis. 45.9% of the subjects were middle school students, whereas 54.1% of them were high school ones. The female and high school students tended to show higher ratings in lookism tendency and interests in beauty care, whereas male and middle school students tended to show higher ratings in physical satisfaction than the others. More than 40% of the respondents perceived them fatter than the standard weight, in particular, girls and the ones with opposite-sex friend perceived them fatter than their actual conditions. On body shape satisfaction, female and high school students indicated lower satisfaction. For body shape management, 75% of the female and 40% of the male students had tried weight control. The frequency and the duration time of exercise had higher for boys than girls, and the ones with opposite-sex friend than without. For methods of weight control, girls were more likely to do diet control, whereas boys were more committed to exercise. In general, students with high appearance orientation tended to control taking snacks and fast food or did diet control for body shape management. Conclusively, continued interest and guidance, not only at home but also in school, is required for students so that they can do proper body shape management to fulfill their appearance orientation and they will improve academic performance by gaining confidence through their appearance satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.185-200
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate if these factors affect the correlation between the female adolescent interest in appearance and appearance management behavior with self-concept and sexual maturity. To achieve this, a survey was conducted for the female students in elementary and middle school in the Seoul area. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The comparison of students' interest in appearance and appearance management behavior showed that the middle school students showed higher scores in both matters. 2. Elementary students generally held more positive self-concept, with domestic self value shown statistically high 3. Tanner Stage 2.3. the early puberty stage, for elementary school students, and Tanner Stage 3.4. the growth and development stage, for middle school students. The percentage of students who had already entered menstruating turned out to be only 33% for elementary students but 90% for middle school students. Their subjective views of sexual maturity were also different as elementary students had negative feeling when they thought their sexual maturity were maturity were earlier than their peers' while middle school students were just the opposite. 4. The study on the impact of self-concept and sexual maturity on the interest in appearance of female students in elementary and middle school showed that elementary students had a higher interest in appearance that corresponded to the lower domestic self-concept and a higher social self-concept. On the other hand, middle school students showed higher interest in appearance, corresponding to their higher social self-concept, lower domestic self-concept, more negative feeling of sexual maturity, and higher feeling of physical self-concept. The study on the impact of interest in appearance, self-concept, and sexual maturity on the appearance management behavior of elementary and middle school female students revealed that elementary students with a higher interest in appearance were more enthusiastic about appearance management. Middle school students' appearance management behavior turned out to be higher, corresponding to their higher interest in appearance, lower domestic self-concept, and higher social self-concept.