• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.97-107
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to establish relationships between chemical and physical parameters of wheat with performance and digestibilities of feed components in broiler chickens fed on wheat-based diets. Ninety-four wheat samples were selected for inclusion in four bird trials. Birds were housed in individual wire metabolism cages from 7 to 28 d and offered water and feed ad libitum. Dry matter intake (DMI), liveweight gain (LWG) and gain:feed were measured weekly. A balance collection was carried out from 14 to 21 d for determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), ME:gain, dry matter retention, oil and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility. At 28 d the birds were humanely killed, the contents of the jejunum removed for determination of in vivo viscosity and the contents of the ileum removed for determination of ileal dry matter, starch and protein digestibility. When wheat parameters were correlated with bird performance data, it was found that specific weight was not significantly (p>0.05) related to bird performance. Bird DMI, LWG and gain:feed were best correlated (p<0.05) with the rate of starch digestion, although the coefficients of correlation (r) were still low (0.246 to 0.523). A negative relationship (p<0.01) between AME and total (r = -0.432) and soluble (r = -0.304) non starch polysaccharide (NSP) was observed in this study. Thousand grain weight (TG) was positively correlated with DMI (r = 0.299), LWG (r = 0.343) and gain:feed (r = 0.371). When establishing multiple regression relationships, correlation coefficients greater than 0.8 were achieved for DMI, LWG, gain:feed and ileal crude protein digestibility. However, the economics involved in determining the parameters involved in the regressions make the process impractical.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1348-1354
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• 2003

The feeding value of high-oil corn fed to Taiwan Country (TC) chicken was examined by measuring apparent metabolizable energy (AME), growth performance, sexual maturity, carcass characteristics, and plasma pigmentation. In a completely randomized design, 870 sex-intermingled one-wk-old chicks were assigned to one of 30 floor pens, 29 birds per pen, and each pen randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments. The experiment was ended when birds were 16 wk of age. The five dietary treatments varied in main fat sources, which were corn oil (CO), high-oil corn (HOC), lard (LRD), whole soybean (WSB) and yellow corn (YC), respectively. All the diets were formulated isonitrogenously, isocalorically, and of equal lysine and methionine contents except YC, in which equal amounts of YC replaced HOC. The results indicated that feed conversion in HOC was 8% higher (p<0.05) than YC whereas the calculated AME of HOC was only 3.5% to 4.0% higher than that of YC. No significant differences were observed in body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and ME efficiency for body weight gain among CO, HOC, LRD, and WSB. No significant differences existed in both skin and muscle pigmentation of breast among the five dietary treatments. No significance differences existed in plasma carotenoid content measured at various ages among the five dietary treatments except that birds fed with HOC had less (p<0.05) plasma carotenoids at 16 wk-old. The results indicate that if the price of high-oil corn is no more than 1.05 times that of yellow corn, the dietary cost per kg of body weight gain for TC chickens fed diets containing high-oil corn will be less, although their body weight may be lighter compared to chickens fed diets formulated with other fat sources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.706-716
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• 2014

A new strategy of co-inoculating Bacillus subtilis MA139 with Streptococcus thermophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to produce fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Three experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) (Exp. 1), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) (Exp. 2), and feeding value (Exp. 3) of FSBM produced by this new strategy (NFSB) compared with soybean meal (SBM) and conventionally available FSBM (Suprotein). In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows (initial body weight [BW] of $32.2{\pm}1.7kg$) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets with 6 replicates per diet. A corn basal diet and 3 diets based on a mixture of corn and 1 of 3 soybean products listed above were formulated and the DE and ME contents were determined by the difference method. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between SBM and either FSBM product (p>0.05). In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of $26.8{\pm}1.5kg$) were fitted with ileal T-cannulaes and used in a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three corn-starch-based diets were formulated using each of the 3 soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. The results showed that the SID of all AA except arginine and histidine was similar for NFSB and SBM (p>0.05), but Suprotein had greater (p<0.05) SID of most AA except lysine, aspartate, glycine and proline than NFSB. In Exp. 3, a total of 144 piglets (initial BW of $8.8{\pm}1.2$ kg) were blocked by weight and fed 1 of 4 diets including a control diet with 24% SBM as well as diets containing 6% and 12% NFSB or 12% Suprotein added at the expense of SBM. During d 15 to 28, replacing SBM with 6% NFSB significantly improved average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) for nursery piglets. During the overall experiment, ADG of piglets fed diets containing 6% NFSB was significantly greater (p<0.05) than that of piglets fed SBM. In conclusion, fermentation with the new strategy did not affect the energy content or the AID and the SID of AA in SBM. However, inclusion of 6% NFSB in diets fed to nursery piglets improved performance after weaning likely as a result of better nutritional status and reduced immunological challenge.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.1573-1579
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• 2019

Objective: The research was conducted to determine the digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents as well as the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in corn, waxy corn and steam-flaked corn fed to growing pigs. Methods: Eighteen growing pigs with initial body weight of $15.42{\pm}1.41kg$ were randomly allotted to three diets including a corn diet, a waxy corn diet and a steam-flaked corn diet in a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained six replicates. The experiment lasted for 12 days, which comprised 7-d adaptation to diets followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. The energy contents and the nutrient digestibility in three ingredients were calculated using direct method. Results: Compared to normal corn, both the amylose and dietary fiber contents in waxy corn were numerically lower, but the starch gelatinization degree was numerically greater. Moreover, the DE and ME contents as well as the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in waxy corn were significantly greater (p<0.05) than those in normal corn when fed to growing pigs. Furthermore, the steam-flaked corn had greater (p<0.05) DE and ME contents, and ATTD of ether extract and ADF compared to normal corn. Conclusion: Both variety and processing procedure have influence on chemical compositions, energy contents and nutrient digestibility of corn. The waxy corn and steam-flaked corn had greater degree of starch gelatinization and DE and ME contents compared to normal corn when fed to growing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.471-480
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• 2022

This experiment was conducted to determine the maximum dietary energy levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of White Pekin duck. the Six dietary treatments were formulated based on their apparent metabolizable energy (AME) concentrations from 2,700 to 3,200 kcal/kg with a 100 kcal/kg gap to evaluate the accurate dietary AME requirement to address current knowledge and further issues for fulfilling the genetic potential of meat-type white Pekin ducklings. A total of 432 one-day-old male White Pekin ducklings were randomly allocated into one of six dietary treatments with six replicates (12 birds per pen). The diets were formulated as corn-soybean meal-based diets to meet or exceed the Nutrient Requirement of Poultry specification for meat-type ducks. Growth performance indices (i.e. average daily gain [ADG], average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio) were measured weekly. Medium body weight (BW) ducklings from each pen were sacrificed to analyze the carcass traits and abdominal fat content on day 21. Obtained data were analyzed to estimate significant effect using the one-way ANOVA of IBM SPSS Statistics (Version, 25). If the p-value of the results were significant, differences in means among treatments were separated by Tukey's post hoc test. Significant differences were then analyzed with a linear and quadratic broken model to estimate the accurate concentration of AME. Ducklings fed higher dietary AME diets increased (p < 0.05) BW, ADG. Ducklings fed higher AME than 2,900 kcal/kg diets increased abdominal fat accumulation and leg meat portion. The estimated requirement by linear plateau method showed from 3,000.00 kcal/kg to 3,173.03 kcal/kg whereas the requirement by quadratic plateau method indicated from 3,100.00 kcal/kg to 3,306.26 kcal/kg. Collectively, estimated dietary requirements exhibit diverse results based on the measured traits and analysis methods. All the estimated requirements in this experiment present higher than previous research, the maximum requirement for the next diet formulation should be selected by the purpose of the diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1285-1291
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• 2017

Objective: A trial was conducted from 11 to 42 d post-hatch to investigate the effectiveness of the supplementation of a multiple-enzyme preparation (Natuzyme Plus) in a wheat-based diet on digesta viscosity, pH and microbial population, villus morphology, feed passage time, nutrient retention, carcass characteristics, blood lipid parameters and growth performance of broiler chickens. Methods: Three hundreds 10-d-old male Ross 308 chicks were allocated to three diets with five replicates of 20 birds per replicate. Dietary treatments were i) a wheat-based diet (W), ii) W+Natuzyme Plus (WN; 500 mg/kg of the diet), and iii) a corn-based diet (C). Results: Birds fed on the C diet had higher average daily gain (ADG, p<0.01), villus height (VH, p<0.01), total tract apparent retention (TTAR) of nitrogen (NT, p<0.01) and ether extract (EE, p<0.01), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy ($AME_n$, p<0.05), relative weight (RW, % of body weight) of carcass (p<0.05), blood concentration of triglyceride (TG, on d 40 [p<0.01]), total cholesterol (TC, on d 22 [p<0.05]) and low density lipoprotein (LDL, on d 22 [p<0.01] and 40 [p<0.05]), and also lower feed conversion ratio (FCR, p<0.01), digesta viscosity (p<0.01), count of coliforms (p<0.01) and Escherichia coli (p<0.01) and epithelium thickness (ET, p<0.05) than those fed on the W diet. ADG, FCR, VH, ET, TTAR of NT and EE, RW of carcass, blood concentration of TG (on d 40), TC (on d 22) and LDL (on d 22 and 40) values of the WN diet did not show a significant (p>0.05) difference compared to those of the C diet. Compared to those of the W diet, the WN diet showed the higher count of Lactobacilli and lower count of coliforms (p<0.01) and digesta viscosity (p<0.01). Conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that Natuzyme Plus supplementation in a wheat-based diet can be appropriate to achieve a comparable growth performance in broiler chickens to those given the C diet probably through improving digesta viscosity, VH, ET, TTAR of NT and EE, $AME_n$, count of Lactobacilli and coliforms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1751-1759
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of inclusion level of soybean oil (SO) and palm oil (PO) on their digestible and metabolism energy (DE and ME) contents when fed to growing pigs by difference and regression method. Sixty-six crossbred growing barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire and weighing $38.1{\pm}2.4kg$) were randomly allotted to a $2{\times}5$ factorial arrangement involving 2 lipid sources (SO and PO), and 5 levels of lipid (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) as well as a basal diet composed of corn and soybean meal. The barrows were housed in individual metabolism crates to facilitate separate collection of feces and urine, and were fed the assigned test diets at 4% of initial body weight per day. A 5-d total collection of feces and urine followed a 7-d diet adaptation period. The results showed that the DE and ME contents of SO and PO determined by the difference method were not affected by inclusion level. The DE and ME determined by the regression method for SO were greater compared with the corresponding respective values for PO (DE: 37.07, ME: 36.79 MJ/kg for SO; DE: 34.11, ME: 33.84 MJ/kg for PO, respectively). These values were close to the DE and ME values determined by the difference method at the 10% inclusion level (DE: 37.31, ME: 36.83 MJ/kg for SO; DE: 34.62, ME: 33.47 MJ/kg for PO, respectively). A similar response for the apparent total tract digestibility of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in lipids was observed. The true total tract digestibility of AEE in SO was significantly (p<0.05) greater than that for PO (97.5% and 91.1%, respectively). In conclusion, the DE and ME contents of lipid was not affected by its inclusion level. The difference method can substitute the regression method to determine the DE and ME contents in lipids when the inclusion level is 10%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.1407-1413
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• 2019

Objective: This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of different sources and inclusion levels of dietary fat on productive performance and egg quality in laying hens raised under hot environmental conditions. Methods: A total of 480 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 31 wk of age were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 experimental diets. The control diet contained 2,800 kcal/kg nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy with no fat addition. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 2.0% or 4.0% of animal fat (AF) or soybean oil (SO). Energy and nutrient concentrations were consistent among all diets. Diets were fed to hens for 4 weeks. Average daily room temperature and humidity were $26.7^{\circ}C{\pm}1.52^{\circ}C$ and $77.4%{\pm}4.50%$. The heat stress index was approximately 76, indicating that hens were raised under heat stress conditions. Results: Final body weight (BW) was greater (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing 2.0% or 4.0% AF than for those fed the control diet or diets containing 2.0% or 4.0% SO. The BW gain and feed intake were greater (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing additional AF or SO than those fed the control diet. Eggshell thickness was the greatest (p<0.05) for hens fed the control diet, but the least (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing 4.0% SO. Egg yolk color was the greatest (p<0.05) for hens fed the control diet, but the least (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing 4.0% SO. Conclusion: Inclusion of supplemental fat (AF and SO) in diets exhibits preventative effects on BW loss for hens raised under hot environmental conditions when energy and nutrient concentrations in diets were maintained. The effects were greater for AF than for SO. However, inclusion of supplemental fat in diets decreases eggshell thickness and egg yolk yellowness, possibly due to a reduction in Ca absorption and intake of egg yolk colorants.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 1983

본 시험은 분채취시간 및 Corn Starch, Glucose Mixture (Starch (50) ＋ Glucose (50))의 급이가 성웅계의 내인성에너지 (FEm＋UEe) 손실에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 1. Period II(24-28hr)의 분배설량, 에너지량과 N 손실량은 Period I(0-24hr)의 경우보다 높았으나 유의차 (P＝.05)는 없었다. 2. 체중(X)과 분배설량, 에너지 및 N 손실량 (Y) 간에는 유의차 상관관계는 발견되지 않았는데 (P＞.05) 이는 체중이 내인성에너지 (FEm＋UEe) 손실에 영향하지 않는다는 사실을 뒷받침하는 것이었다. 3 Glucose, Mixture 급이구는 절식구에 비하여 분배설량, 에너지 및 N 손실량이 현저하게 감소하였다. (P＜.05). 4. Corn Starch 급이구의 분배지량, N 손실량은 절식구에 비해 유의적 (P＜.05)으로 감소했으나 내인성에너지 손실량은 두 구간 유의차가 없었다. (P＞.05) 이는 Corn Starch의 Apparent Digestibility가 Glucose, Mixture구 보다 낮았음을 지적하는 것이다. 5. 급이구의 N 손실량은 절식구에 비하여 현저히 감소한 사실은 탄수화물 급이가 절식동안 조직의 이화작용에 의한 에너지 손실의 일부를 보완하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.569-576
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• 2003

본 연구는 영양소 수준을 낮춘 옥수수-대두박 기초 사료내 $\alpha$-galactosidase와 galactomannanase를 함유한 탄수화물 분해 복합효소제 (ENDO- POWER$^{\circledR}$)와 미생물 파이테이즈 (Natuphos$^{\circledR}$) 의 개별첨가 혹은 동시첨가가 육성돈의 생산성, 영양소 소화율 및 체중 증체 당 사료비에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가를 평가하고자 실시 되었다. 개시 체중 29.1$\pm$0.14 kg의 육성돈 48두를 공시하여 28일간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험설계는 4처리를 두었으며, 처리당 3반복 반복당 4두의 육성돈이 완전임의 배치 되었다. 시험 처리는 1) CON (대조구), 2) LP+NTPS (대조구 사료에서 유효인 함량을 0.15% 단위 낮춘 사료에 미생물 파이테이즈 (Natuphos$^{\circledR}$) 0.1% 첨가 (500 FTU/kg 사료), 3) LEL+ENP (대조구 사료에서 대사에너지와 라이신 함량을 대조구 사료 대비 각각 3% 낮춘 사료에 탄수화물 복합효소제 (ENDP-POWER$^{\circledR}$) 첨가) 및 4) LPEL+ENZ (대조구 사료에서 대사에너지와 라이신 함량을 대조구 사료 대비 각각 3% 낮추고 유효인 함량을 0.15% 단위 낮춘 사료에 미생물 파이테이즈 0.1%와 탄수화물 복합효소제 0.1%를 각각 첨가)를 두었다. 전체 사양시험 기간동안 (28일), 일당 증체량 (ADG), 일당사료섭취량 (ADFI) 및 사료요구량 (Feed/gain)은 사료처리구에 따라 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다(P>0.05). 그러나 저 영양소 수준 사료에 파이테이즈와 탄수화물 복합효소제의 개별적 혹은 동시 첨가는, 대조구에 비해, 시험 전기간에 걸쳐 사료효율을 다소 개선 시키는 경향을 보여주었다. 건물, 조단백질 및 칼슘 소화율에 있어서는 처리구간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 총 에너지 소화율에 있어서는 LEL+ENP 처리구와 비교해 볼 때, LP+NTPS와 LPEL+ENZ 처리구가 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다 (p<0.05). 건물 배설량은 LPEL+ENZ 처리구가 가장 낮았으며, 칼슘과 인 배설량은 LP+NTPS구가 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 사양시험 기간동안 소요된 전체 사료비용은 대조구와 비교하여 볼 때, 효소제 첨가 시 낮았으며, 특히 1 kg 증체 하는데 필요한 사료비용은 대조구와 비교하여 LP+NTPS, LEL+ENP, LPEL+ENZ가 각각 3.5% (609.1 vs. 588.3 원/kg), 13.8% (609.1 vs. 535.3원/kg), 12.4% (609.1 vs. 541.9 원/kg) 낮은 것으로 조사되었다. 결론적으로, 본 실험 결과는 옥수수-대두박 위주 육성돈 사료에 유효인, 에너지 및 라이신 함량을 낮추고 파이테이즈와 탄수화물 분해 복합 효소제를 첨가 시 육성돈의 성장에는 유해한 영향 없이 영양소 배설량을 감소 시킬 수 있으며, 또한 양돈 생산비를 감소 시킬 수 있는 가능성을 제시했다고 판단된다.