• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.607-615
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• 2012

The aim of the study is to estimate the management costs of apartments by the types of heating systems(individual, central, district heating system). Multiple regression analysis was adapted and the used data are derived from 128 apartment complexes in Daegeon-si. The results are as follows; first, the management cost is decreased as a size of apartment is larger, second, the costs of general maintenance, security and repairing of buildings are lower in individual heating system. however, there is no significant differences in cleaning costs by the types of heating systems.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2010

Electric energy is indispensible of the development of the industrial and living sector. Among the energy sectors, the building area shares 20% of the produced electric power in Korea. As we plan to supply the apartment, we need to forecast the required amount of the electric energy and supply the infrastructure to apartment for the lighting, cooling. Nonetheless, it is not easy to forecast the required amount of the electric energy, considering the management aspect, building physical aspect and social-geographic aspect. In this paper, it studied the estimation model of the electric energy, reflecting the affecting variables such as total area, number of household, geography and so on. The estimation model is proposed in 3-types which explained in central heating, individual heating and district heating, and each type have two estimation model, reflecting the affecting variable and corelation between variables to eliminate the muticolinearity. The unit of electric energy consumption per area and year is similar in three heating type and the results are as follows; the central heating is $34.446kWh/yr{\cdot}m^2$, individual type is $35.756446kWh/yr{\cdot}m^2$ and district heating is $34.285446kWh/yr{\cdot}m^2$.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.650-655
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• 2009

In this study, a consumer willingness to pays for residential heating systems are estimated by economic valuation method. The major Korean residential heating systems in apartments are central heating system (CH), district heating system (DH), and individual heating system (IH). However, DH and IH systems are adopted in newly constructed apartments. Each heating system has own characteristics which residents can identify and value. 700 households in apartment were surveyed to analyze the preference of the residential heating systems and to estimate willingness to pay. We find that the households in DH system are more satisfied with their heating system than the households in other systems overall and that consumers prefer an apartment with DH system than with IH system and the willingness to pay for IH system is less than DH system. The results indicate that DH system has the relative premium which may be caused by the safety and the convenience to manage the system.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.79-95
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• 1989

Household energy consumption had influenced on the ecological system's environment. Household's exceeding energy consumption requires the development of resources and the risk. Thus this study attempted to find the household heating management, The purpose of this study was to investigate the household's heating management in the area of district heating. The major finding were; 1) The district heating was accepted positively and the benefit of this system was utilized very well in the household. 2) Variances in heating energy consumption was explained by the family size at October, residential period at October and November and the temperature of living room at October, November and December. 3) Compaired to central heating apartment, the low heating expenditure was characterize in the household of 4-5 persons, nuclear family at October, moderated heating control, using extra heating facilities at November. An in the December, that household was that husband has graduated college, temperature of the living room was some cold, and house wives was the full-time homemaker.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.15-23
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• 2008

The article deals with system technology of a new solar heating system which systematically combines exiting solar collector technology, auxiliary electrical water heating, floor heating system and well insulated construction method and its application of this system to apartment house heating system in the cold region, and also analyzed performance of the new system in terms of technical and economic feasibility. Results shows that energy efficiency approaches up to 50% of the energy consumption of local construction from 1980 to 1981. The implementation of "DQ technology" to floor heating system achieved from 79% to 85% of the energy-saving benefits comparing to other housing units which were supplied by the local district heating plant.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.97-107
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• 2003

Recently, the apartment building has been constructed in large quantities to provide housings due to the gravitation of population towards large cities. However, we're faced with a critical problem of deterioration of our dwelling environment caused by the trend toward high-rise apartment which could be an obstruction in obtaining sufficient sunlight. Therefore, there have been several legislative actions against infringement on the right of sunshine. In the building law, sunshine hours and the minimal separated distance between apartments are regulated as the criteria for the site planning, However, the minimal separated distance was defined without consideration of the parameters like building orientation and thermal effect of the sunshine hours in the site planning for the apartment building. In this study, the sunshine hours and heating energy during the underheated season for various arrangements in site planning are carefully considered and analyzed.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2017

This study proposes an idea for energy saving in apartment machine rooms. A conventional district heating system is equipped with constant-flow pumps and bypass valves to regulate pump differential pressure. Each family unit is equipped with a constant-flow on/off valve. This leads to excessive hot water circulation and a high return temperature. To reduce energy loss, this study assumes that each family unit is renovated with a heating valve which regulates the return temperature at $35^{\circ}C$. The hot water supply pump is also replaced with a pump with an inverter to vary flow rate. Expected energy savings is then estimated from field test data. According to the results, pump electricity consumption was reduced by 6,100 kWh for a family unit building over about half a year. The supply temperature can also be lowered by $5^{\circ}C$, which can contribute to a production of electricity of 10.3 kWh/ton of hot water.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.217-234
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• 2001

The use of district heating is expanding very rapidly in Korea. High population densities and the relatively cold winters make district heating an economically attractive option. About 8 percent of Korean houses are already using district heating and the government is seeking to aggressively expand this number. It has set a target of 15 percent of the residential heat market to be met by district heating in the year 2001. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the consumption behavior of households using district heating. By pooling time-series and cross-sectional data for 12 apartment complexes in Seoul area, a single demand function is estimated and used to forecast the amounts of heat demanded by the individual households. The results shows that the level of consumption varies among households, depending on the non-economic factors such as the installation of individual metering equipment and the volume of apartment building. When individual metering equipment is installed, the level of annual heat consumption per household declines, on average, about 22.1 Mcal per square meters, which is equivalent to 834 won per square meter in terms of heating expenditures. In case that the apartment building was built in more than 6 stories, annual consumption level reduces additionally about 17.3 Mcal per square meters and, thus, save the expenditures by 649 Won per square meters, compared to the opposite case.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2007

This paper studied the economical efficiency of ground source heat pump system under various conditions in apartments which have important effects on the housing market. And this study analysed the initial cost increase, saved managing cost and recovery time of initial cost. Analysis result showed as time of heating-cooling and water heating increases, the amount of saved managing cost increased much than the initial construction cost, so recovery time shortened. And as the net area of apartment increases, the recovery time increased. The study of the relation between the installation type and recovery time of initial construction cost showed when heat-cooling system adapted ground source heat and water heating system adapted waste heat, the initial construction cost was recovered most quickly. When Ground Source Heating system was used for the heating-cooling and water heating system, ground source heating system was used for the heating-cooling and waste heat used for water heating, and ground source heating system was used for the heating-cooling and LNG used for water heating, the construction cost increased 72,000, 66,900 and 62,300 won each per $m^2$ compared to the current system (package air-conditioner, heating and water heating using LNG).

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.334-341
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• 2011

In the present study, optimal heat supply algorithm which minimize the heat loss through the distribution pipe line in group energy apartment was developed. Variation of heating load of group energy apartment building in accord with the outdoor air temperature was predicted by the heating load-outdoor temperature correlation. Supply water temperature and mass flow rate were controlled to minimize the heat loss through distribution pipe line. District heating apartment building located in Hwaseong city, which has 1,473 households, was selected as the object building for testing the present heat supply a1gorithm. Compared to the previous heat supply system, 10.4% heat loss reduction can be accomplished by employing the present method.