• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2006

This study carried out to investigate the effect of cutting stimulation on time of cutting, yield and length of antler in Sika deer. There was no significance between surgical stimulation and length of antler, but length was the longest in one side cutting group and the shortest in both side cutting group. Development of point was increased as the number of wounds in the second year (P<0.05). Time of casting was 2 weeks earlier in one side cutting group (P<0.05) than in both sides cutting group. Yields of antler were $148{\pm}23g$ when pedicle was not cut, and $126{\pm}61g$, $179{\pm}63g$, 170g, and $48{\pm}25g$ when pedicle was cut by 0.3cm, 0.4cm, 0.5cm and 0.6cm, respectively. The most desirable thickness of pedicle cut was 0.4-0.5mm. Yield of antler was increased as the size of wound in the first year, and 588, 790 and 657g in control, one-cut and both-cut, respectively. Yields of antler in one-cut is significantly high (P<0.05).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.989-996
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• 2010

This study was aimed at investigating the differences in chemical composition of antler according to growing days (80 d and 90 d after casting) and sections (upper, middle, base) in elk. Antlers of six bulls (aged 3 years) cutted on day 80 and 90 after casting were used in this trial and compared chemical composition such as crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, calcium, magnesium, amino acids, lipids, and fatty acids. The contents of crude protein and ether extract were higher in antlers cutted on day 80 than in antlers cutted on day 90, but that of crude ash was higher in antlers cutted on day 90. Significantly difference was observed in crude protein content between growing days in middle part of antler (p<0.05). Calcium and magnesium contents were higher on 90 d than 80 d, but there was no significant difference between growing days of antler. Based on the growing period of antler, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in aspartic acid, threonine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine, and essential amino acids content was higher in antlers cutted on day 80. Total lipid, neutral lipid, and phospholipid contents were higher in antlers cutted on day 80 than in those cutted on day 90, sphingo-phospholipid content was higher than glycerophospholipid content and values was higher in antlers cutted on day 80 than in those cutted on day 90. For total fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids composition, there was no significant difference between growing periods of antlers, but values was higher on day 80 than on day 90. Essential fatty acids contents were lower in antler cutted on day 90 than antlers cutted on day 80 and higher for upper part than lower part.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.805-812
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to provide basic information to allow improved feeding management for velvet antler production by investigating the effects of dietary protein level on production and chemical composition of velvet antler in spotted deer(Cervus nippon). Eighteen male spotted deer of 5~6 years old were assigned to 3 unreplicated groups by production record of the previous year. Deer were fed on experimental diets at different protein level of 10%(T1), 15%(T2) and 20%(T3). Dry matter intake, crude protein intake and daily gain were increased with increasing the protein level in diets and there were significant differences(P<0.05) between groups. Although not significant, mean length of main beam tended to be longer in either left or right beam with increasing the protein level, and in girth at part of base of main beam, it was a similar pattern to the result of length. The velvet antler production was affected by dietary protein level and thus that was the smallest in T1 and the largest in T3(P<0.05). The content of crude protein in velvet antler was higher in T1 than in T3, whereas the content of crude ash in velvet antler was contrast to that of crude protein, however, there were no significant differences.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1321-1329
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• 2007

Deer antler tissue contains the most rapidly growing bone in the animal kingdom. Thus, it is likely that growing antler tissue is a rich source of local paracrine bone-stimulating factors. Growth factors, at least the insulin-like growth factor (IGF), control the bone-remodelling process. In this study, we tried to isolate and purify IGF-I from fresh antler tissue by the routine isolation and purification of protein. The purification involved ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose CL-60 ion-exchange chromatography, CM-Sepharose CL-6B ion-exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-50 chromatography. Purified fractions from each step were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PACE), Dot-blot, and Western-blot methods. Furthermore, the quantification of partially purified IGF-I was calculated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using antibody to human recombinant IGF-1. SDS-PAGE analysis of the final fraction yielded two molecular bands and the signal band was at 12 kDa on the Western-blot film. This purified IGF-I fraction showed a peak at retention time of eight min. The quantity of IGF-I in 20 g deer antler tissue as starting weight was calculated using a standard curve to be 2910 ng/ml, and total IGF-I amount is 0.291 g. The results show that IGF-I, which can be found in deer antler, can be partially purified and quantified by classic protein isolation methods.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.417-428
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• 2008

An experiment was conducted with 80 male rats for 4 weeks to investigate the effect of water soluble extracts(WSE) from different sections of farmed Elk(Cervus elaphus) antler on lipid metabolism and hematology. Antlers were divided into four sections of tip, upper, middle and base. Water soluble extract(35g/60ml) was prepared from each section of antler, and was administered orally to male Sprague- Dawley rats(10ml/kg body weight) once a day. Administration of WSE from upper, middle and base sections of antler decreased(P<0.0027) AST values at 3 weeks of feeding, however AST value was decreased(P< 0.0136) in the WSE of base section compared to that of control at 4 weeks of feeding. Administration of antler WSE for 4 weeks decreased total cholesterol in visceral fat(P<0.0035) and liver(P<0.0003) at 4 weeks of feeding compared to those of control. Feeding antler WSE for 4 weeks increased the compositions of C14:0(P<0.0037), C16:1(P<0.0061), C18:1(P<0.0066), C18:2(P< 0.0069) and C18:3(P<0.0035) in the visceral fat compared with that of control.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.1 s.132
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• pp.40-44
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• 2003

Antler has been used as one of the important traditional oriental medicines for many years. It contains many biochemical components including lipids, peptides, carbohydrates, and inorganic substances. The various biological activities of antler are being considered owing to such biochemical components. The purpose of this research is to compare the biochemical components of antlers after treatment of three different kinds of fodder. They are mulberry (group A), Lycii Fructus (group B) and the complex of herbs (group C). The chemical composition of each antler was determined in three sections (top, middle, and bottom) and compared with those of the control. The contents of sialic acid, uronic acid and glycosaminoglycans increased in the top antlers of the group B. Total lipids content increased in the top antlers of all groups (A, B, and C). The concentration of inorganic ions (Ca, Mg, and P) decreased in all groups. Fattyacid composition was also analyzed by GC-MS and expressed as percentage of total fatty acid concentration. The content of palmitic acid decreased in all groups. The content of 2-hydrox-yhexadecanoic acid, which has not been reported in aster, increased in the top antlers of all groups. These results suggest that the treatment of special fodder may affect the composition of the biochemical components of antlers.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.315-320
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• 2011

Routinely applicable HPLC assay procedures for the ganglioside content in various deer antler preparations were established through the creation of a UV-absorbing chromophoric substance - trans-${\alpha},{\beta}$-unsaturated-hexadecene-aldehyde - from the sphingosine moiety in ganglioside molecules by two step chemical reactions. In order to guarantee the assay's accuracy and sensitivity, the HPLC-assay procedure adopted internal reference procedures by mixing cis-${\alpha},{\beta}$-unsaturated-hexadecene aldehyde[V] or cis-3-heptadecene- 1,2-diol[IV] to assay samples. The internal reference compound [IV] or [V] was synthesized in our laboratory starting from mannitol-diacetonide through three or four step organic reactions. This new HPLC-assay procedure was successfully applied to deer antler extracts with good dose-dependent calibration curves at the picomole level of gangliosides.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2006

Decoction of oriental medicinal preparation is prepared in various manners, and changes of chemical constituents might be occurred depending on the processing techniques. The present study was undertaken to investigate the phγsio-chemical and pharmacological equivalence between two extraction methods of Nokyong-sagunja-Tang. Samples were Prepared as follows ; Sample-I was prepared by simultaneously extracting Sagunja-Tang and velvet antler in one vessel. Sample-lI was prepared by adding velvet antler exact to the water extract of Sagunja-Tang. Both sanples showed similar results of physiochemical parameters such as pH, yield, TLC and HPLC chromatogram, and contents of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and glycyrrhizin. Also, there were little different between two samples in pharmacological effects such as DPPH free radical scavenging effect, and inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase, hyaluronidase, trypsin, TBA-Rs formation and hemolysis in vitro. And both samples showed no significant difference in antifatigue activities in mice. These results suggest that there might be little difference between two extraction process when velvet antler added to Sagunia-Tang.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.655-660
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• 2000

We extended to find out the effect of serveral kinds of herbal medicion that administated to the patient suffer from iron deficiency anemia, that was prescribed according to differentiation of syndromes. Iron deficiency anemia is generlly differentiated as defiency of Ki and blood, hypofunction of the spleen and stomach, and insufficiency of the spleen and kidney in orinetal medicine. This patient was differentiated as defiency of Ki and blood. hypofunction of the spleen and stomach. So we prescribed Hyangsayangwi-tang, Ickibohyoul-tang and Ickibohyoul-tang ga Antler for the patient in turn. When administated Hyangsayangwi-tang and Ickibohyoul-tang, there was a little improvement in symptom but no improvement in hemonalysis. When administrated Ickibohyoul-tang ga Antler there was dominent improvement in both of symptom and hemonalysis. From this case. it is thought that added Antler-tonifying recipe is very effective to iron deficiency anemia and that more studies and examinations are needed in futher.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.91-95
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was performed to determine if an antler could be identified as one of the Cervus species by phylogenetic analysis, which was used to assess genetic authentication. Methods : The DNAs of an antler were extracted, amplified by PCR, and sequenced. The DNAs of an antler were identified by Phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was made using MEGA software (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, 3.1) Results : By phylogenetic analysis an antler was identified as Cervus elaphus nelsoni not as Cervus elaphus sibericus. This work showed that authentication can efficiently be performed by phylogenetic analysis. Conclusion : These results suggest that phylogenetic analysis might be able to provide the authentication of Cervus species.