• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2003

열수로 한시간 추출한 녹용, 생녹용, 유산으로 추출한 녹용을 2% 가해서 배추김치를 담그고 11$^{\circ}C$에서 15일간 발효시키면서 발효 기간중의 여러 변화를 분석하였다. 15일 발효 후, pH는 열수추출 녹용김치 3.87, 생녹용 김치 4.04, 유산처리 녹용김치 3.97, 대조김치 3.86을 나타냈고, 산도는 열수추출 녹용김치는 7.4, 생녹용김치는 10.5, 유산처리 녹용김치는 10.7, 대조구는 6.9를 나타냈다. 총당은 15일 후 열수추출 녹용김치 1.46%, 생녹용김치 0.53%, 유산처리 녹용김치 0.92%, 대조김치 1.46%를 나타냈고, 환원당은 열수추출 녹용김치 0.05%, 생녹용김치는 0.14%, 유산처리 녹용김치 및 대조김치는 0.39%를 나타냈다. 아미노산은 열수추출 녹용김치 13.42$\mu$㏖/$m\ell$, 생녹용김치 17.83$\mu$㏖/$m\ell$, 유산처리 녹용김치 14.48$\mu$㏖/$m\ell$,대조김치 17.60$\mu$㏖/$m\ell$를 나타냈고, 단백질은 열수추출 녹용김치 2.101%, 생녹용김치 1.945%, 유산처리 녹용김치 1.722%, 대조김치 2.011%를 나타냈다. 유산은 생녹용김치 2.021%, 유산처리 녹용김치 2.004%, 열수추출 녹용김치 1.950%, 대조김치 1.200%이었다. 숙신산은 열수추출 녹용김치 0.081%, 생녹용김치 0.086%, 유산처리 녹용김치 0.078%, 대조김치 0.111%를 나타냈다. 아세트산은 열수추출 녹용김치 0.080%, 생녹용김치 0.092%, 유산처리 녹용김치 0.114%, 대조김치 0.086%를 나타냈다. 균체수는 열수추출 녹용김치는 1.09$\times$$10^{8}$/g, 대조김치는 1.08$\times$$10^{8}$/g, 유산처리 녹용김치는 9.88$\times$$10^{8}$/g, 생녹용김치는 6.6$\times$$10^{8}$/g을 나타냈다. 녹용김치를 관능검사로 짠맛, 신맛, 향기, 색, 조직감을 평가시킨 결과 열수추출 녹용김치가 가장 좋은 결과를 나타냈고 이어서 생녹용김치, 대조김치, 유산처리 녹용김치의 순을 나타냈다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2004

동결건조 녹용, 열건조 녹용, 녹각을 물, pretense, 염산으로 단계적으로 추출하였다. 5$0^{\circ}C$ 물로 추출한 경우 동결건조 녹용은 9.01%(흡광도 8.82), 열건조 녹용은 9.01%(흡광도 4.45), 녹각은 1.10%(흡광도 0.31)의 추출율을 나타냈고, 세균 protease로 추출한 경우는 동결건조녹용은 16.89%(흡광도 4.50), 열건조 녹용은 17.20%(흡광도 5.62), 녹각은 18.22%(흡광도 0.64)의 추출율을 나타냈고, 0.8N 염산으로 추출한 경우는 동결건조 녹용은 72.25%(흡광도 4.60), 열건조 녹용은 71.1%(흡광도 4.70), 녹각은 79.82%(흡광도 2.80)의 추출율을 나타냈다. 이들 삼단계 과정으로 동결건조 녹용은 98.15%, 열건조 녹용은 97.35%, 녹각은 99.14% 추출되었다. HPLC로 분석한 결과, 녹용 및 녹각추출물에서 나타나는 고분자 피크는 단백질 가수분해 효소의 작용으로 분자량 1,000 정도의 작은 피크로 분해되었고 남은 각질은 0.8 N염산에 의하여 분자량 7만 정도의 단백질이 추출되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 동결 건조녹용의 추출에는 물과 protease에 의한 추출, 열건조 녹용의 추출에는 protease와 염산에 의한 추출, 녹각의 추출에는 염산에 의한 추출이 효과적이었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2003

열수로 한시간 추출한 녹각, 생녹각, 유산으로 추출한 녹각을 2% 가해서 배추김치를 담그고 $11^{\circ}C$에서 15일간 발효시키면서 발효 기간중의 여러 변화를 분석하였다. 15일 발효 후, 열수추출 녹각김치의 pH는 3.82, 생녹각 김치는 4.07, 유산처리 녹각김치는 3.98, 대조김치는 3.86을 나타냈고, 산도는 열수추출 녹각김치 7.2, 생녹각김치 10.1, 유산처리 녹각김치 8.6, 대조김치 6.9를 나타냈다. 총당은 열수추출 녹각김치 1.20%, 생녹각김치 0.46%, 유산처리 녹각김치 1.15%, 대조김치 1.46%를 나타냈고, 환원당은 열수추출 녹각김치 0.47%, 생녹각김치 0.09%, 유산처리 녹각김치 0.58%, 대조김치 0.39%를 나타냈다. 아미노산은 열수추출 녹각김치 16.35$\mu$mol/m1, 생녹각김치 20.83$\mu$mol/m1, 유산처리 녹각김치 15.06$\mu$mol/m1, 대조김치 17.60$\mu$mol/m1를 나타냈고, 단백질은 열수추출 녹각김치 1.830%, 생녹각김치 2.011%, 유산처리 녹각김치 2.101%, 대조김치 2.011%를 나타냈다. 유기산 중 유산은 생녹각김치 2.036%, 열수추출 녹각김치 0.954%, 유산처리 녹각김치 1.485%, 대조김치 1.200%를 나타냈다. 숙신산은 유산처리 녹각김치가 가장 많아서 0.153%, 아세트산도 유산처리 녹각김치가 가장 많아서 0.188%이었다. 아세트산 함량이 가장 적은 것은 열수추출 녹각김치로 0.059%이었다. (Table 1) 균체수는 0.96$\times$$10^{8}$ g ~ 3.05$\times$$10^{8}$ g 분포를 나타냈으며, 생녹각김치, 유산처리 녹각김치, 대조김치, 열수추출 녹각김치의 순으로 많았다. 녹각 김치를 사람들에게 맛보게 하여 짠맛, 신맛, 향기, 색, 조직감을 평가시킨 결과 열수추출 녹각김치와 생녹각김치가 가장 높은 값을 나타냈고 이어서 대조김치와 유산처리 녹각김치의 순을 나타냈다.

• 약학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.795-799
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• 1994

Some components and antitumor effect of antler and fermented antler with Bacillus P-92 were determined. By fermenting the antler with Bacillus P-92, the amount of free amino acids, polypeptides and other compounds were increased. The free amino acid of the fermented antler was 6-fold higher than those of the untreated antler. Sarcoma 180 cells were intraperitoneally implanted into ICR mice to determine the effect of fermented antler and untreated antler on life span prolongation. The life span of ICR mouse treated with antler and fermented antler were prolonged to 24.4% and 39.2%(p<0.05), and survival rates were 22% and 33%, respectively. In addition, the induction of neutrophil was 2.3-fold and 3.4-fold, respectively.

• 생약학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.233-237
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• 1994

Bacillus P-92 which fermented antler was isolated from intestinal bacteria. The biological activites, carbon clearance and growth activity of lactic acid bacteria, of fermented antler was better than those of untreated antler. The enyzmes activities, ${\beta}-glucosidase,\;{\beta}-glucuronidase$ and tryptophanase, of intestinal bacteria of mice treated with fermented antler were lower than those of mice treated with untreated antler, although those of mice treated with fermented antler or untreated antler were higher than those of control. Biological activity of the antler seems to be increased by fermentation.

• 생약학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.54-58
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• 2012

To increase the extraction yield and biological effect of antler by fermentation, probiotics fermenting antler were screened from rice shells. Of screened Bacillus species, the most potently antler-degrading probiotics was Bacillus KH-07. The supernatant yield of fermented antler is highest. Bacillus KH-07 may belong to Bacillus licheniformis by biochemical and 16S rDNA sequencing analyses. The KH-07-fermented antler (50 mg/kg) increased the anti-fatigue effect 2.3-fold compared to that of non-treated antler. Furthermore, the KH-07-fermented antler improved $CCl_4$-induced liver injury in mice. Based on these findings, the extraction yield and biological effect of antler can be increased by KH-07 fermentation.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권6호통권90호
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• pp.859-866
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the addition of various concentrations of antler powder on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of mango jelly As for pH and viscosity of the mango jelly, antler powder added group showed higher pH and viscosity than that of control group. As for turbidity, absorbance increased significantly(p<.001) by the addition of antler while permeability decreased. The syneresis increased with the passage of time. According to sensory evaluation, Sleekness showed the highest by adding $0.2\%$ antler powder in mango jelly. The hunter color L and b value decreased significantly(p<.001) by adding antler powder. The mechanical properties such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and brittleness were highest by adding $1.0\%$ antler powder while gumminess was highest by adding $0.2\%$ antler powder in mango jelly. Overall quality, taste, appearance, texture were most superior by adding $0.2\%$ antler powder in mango jelly. From these test results, the optimum recipe for mango jelly added with antler powder was $0.2\%$ of antler powder, $10\%$ sugar, $\2%$ agar and 351.2ml of mango juice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1298-1304
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to provide basic haematological information to allow improved nutritional management for velvet production in spotted deer (Cervus nippon) by investigating biochemical changes in blood values during the antler growth period. Blood samples, obtained from the jugular vein of twenty-five deer, were taken every 10 days from casting (day 0) to harvesting (day 50) of velvet antler. Negligible changes were found in the concentrations of total protein, albumin, and creatinine during the antler growth period, but there were significant changes in the concentrations of urea (p<0.05) and uric acid (p<0.01). The concentration of triglyceride was significantly higher (p<0.05) during the antler growth period compared to casting time, while serum high-density lipoprotein concentrations were low and remained unchanged during the antler growth period. Serum glucose concentration increased (p<0.05) significantly and was slightly changeable during antler growth. The serum concentrations of Ca and P did not fluctuate during antler growth, while those of Na, K and Cl showed slight differences between the time of casting and the rest of the antler growth period. No significant changes in concentrations of AST, ALT, amylase, CK, GGT and LDH were detected during the antler growth period. However, the concentration of ALK-P increased during antler growth reaching its peak on day 50 after casting. We found a significant difference in the concentration of ALK-P between the time of casting and the rest of the antler growth period (p<0.01). Consequently, antler growth was associated with mild changes in measured serum biochemical values with the exception of ALK-P activity in spotted deer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.1303-1308
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate changes in blood enzyme parameters and to evaluate the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), antler growth and body weight during the antler growth of sika deer (Cervus nippon). Serum enzyme activity and IGF-1 concentrations were measured in blood samples collected from the jugular and femoral veins at regular intervals during the antler growth period. Blood samples were taken in the morning from fasted stags (n = 12) which were healthy and showed no clinical signs of disease. Alfalfa was available ad libitum and concentrates were given at 1% of body weight to all stags. The experimental diet was provided at 9 am with water available at all times. There were no significant differences in alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase during antler growth, but alkaline phosphatase concentrations increased with antler growth progression, and the highest alkaline phosphatase concentration was obtained 55 days after antler casting. Serum IGF-1 concentrations measured from blood samples taken from the jugular vein during antler growth, determined that levels of IGF-1 was associated with body weight and antler growth patterns. Serum IGF-1 concentrations were higher at the antler cutting date than other sampling dates. Antler length increased significantly during antler growth (p<0.001), and there was a similar trend to between right and left beams. Body weight increased with antler growth but was not significant. Consequently it appeared that serum alkaline phosphatase concentration was related to antler growth and both antler growth and body weight were associated positively with IGF-1 concentrations during antler growth.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2018

Background: Examination of the effects of deer antler, old antler, and antler glue on postmenopausal osteoporosis in an ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rat model. Methods: The study involved 7 experimental groups; SHAM (sham-operated rats), OVX (ovariectomized rats), E2 (ovariectomized rats with estradiol $10{\mu}g/kg$ daily, orally), DA (ovariectomized rats with deer antler extract 5.83 mg/kg), OA (ovariectomized rats with old antler extract 3.8 mg/kg), low-AG (ovariectomized rats with low dose of antler glue powder 12.5 mg/kg), high-AG (ovariectomized rats with high dose of antler glue powder 37.5 mg/kg). After 6 weeks of treatment, body weight, blood calcium, phosphorus, estradiol, liver [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT)] and kidney [blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio] function, and femoral bone mineral density (BMD) were measured. Results: The body weights of DA, OA, low-AG, and high-AG groups did not significantly differ from OVX group. Blood estradiol levels were significantly increased in the DA, low-AG, and high-AG groups compared to the OVX group. Blood calcium, phosphorus, ALP, AST, and ALT levels and BUN/creatinine ratio did not show significant changes in the DA, OA, low-AG, and high-AG groups. BMDs of the femur, and femoral head and neck were significantly increased in the low-AG group. In the OA group, the BMD of the femoral head and neck was significantly increased. Conclusion: Treatment with deer antler, or antler glue for 6 weeks was effective for increasing estradiol and femoral BMD in ovariectomized rats, suggesting that this may be of therapeutic benefit for osteoporosis.