• Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.348-353
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine whether essential oils had anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity and whether there were specific compounds associated with this activity. Methods: There were 63 essential oils evaluated for anti-influenza (A/WS/33 virus) activity using a cytopathic effect reduction method. The chemical composition of the anti-influenza essential oils was phytochemically analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The antiviral assays demonstrated that 11 of the 62 essential oils ($100{\mu}g/mL$) possessed anti-influenza activity, reducing visible cytopathic effects of influenza A/WS/33 virus activity by > 30%. Furthermore, marjoram, clary sage and anise oils exhibited anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity of > 52.8%. However, oseltamivir (the anti-influenza A and B drug), showed cytotoxicity at the same concentration ($100{\mu}g/mL$) as the essential oils. The chemical composition detected by GC-MS analysis, differed amongst the 3 most potent anti-viral essential oils (marjoram, clary sage and anise oils) except for linalool, which was detected in all 3 essential oils. Conclusion: This study demonstrated anti-influenza activity in 11 essential oils tested, with marjoram, clary sage and anise essential oils being the most effective at reducing visible cytopathic effects of the A/WS/33 virus. All 3 oils contained linalool, suggesting that this may have anti-influenza activity. Further investigation is needed to characterize the antiviral activity of linalool against influenza A/WS/33 virus.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.448-451
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• 2002

Isatis indigotica is commonly used as traditional chinese medicine for antipyretic, antiviral, and detoxifying purpose in China. In order to examine whether it prevents lipid peroxidation, root of Isatis indigotica was extracted with methanol and fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. The activity was evaluated by DPPH method and lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate and C $u^{++}$ -induced oxidated LDL. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction and indigo, which is known as its constituent, had significantly anti-lipid peroxidative effects.s.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.306-309
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• 1990

The synthesis of 5-hyterocyclimethyl-2'-deoxyuridines (4a-f) has been accomplished by displacement reaction of 5-(bromomethyl)-3', 5'-di-O-acetyl-2'-deoxyuridine with heterocyclic compounds, followed by removal of acetyl protecting group with methanolic ammonia. The compoudns synthesized were evaluated the inhibitory effects on L1210 cell probiferation and antiviral activities against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) None of the compounds exhibited sufficient biological activities.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.515-525
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• 2020

Interferon (IFN)-λ plays an essential role in mucosal cells which exhibit strong antiviral activity. Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) has substantial application potential in the food and medical industries because of its probiotic properties. Alphacoronaviruses, especially porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), cause high morbidity and mortality in piglets resulting in economic loss. Co-infection by these two viruses is becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop a new drug to prevent diarrhea infected with mixed viruses in piglets. In this study, we first constructed an anchored expression vector with CWA (C-terminal cell wall anchor) on L. plantarum. Second, we constructed two recombinant L. plantarum strains that anchored IFN-λ3 via pgsA (N-terminal transmembrane anchor) and CWA. Third, we demonstrated that both recombinant strains possess strong antiviral effects against coronavirus infection in the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line J2 (IPEC-J2). However, recombinant L. plantarum with the CWA anchor exhibited a more powerful antiviral effect than recombinant L. plantarum with pgsA. Consistent with this finding, Lb.plantarum-pSIP-409-IFN-λ3-CWA enhanced the expression levels of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) (ISG15, OASL, and Mx1) in IPEC-J2 cells more than did recombinant Lb.plantarum-pSIP-409-pgsA'-IFN-λ3. Our study verifies that recombinant L. plantarum inhibits PEDV and TGEV infection in IPEC-J2 cells, which may offer great potential for use as a novel oral antiviral agent in therapeutic applications for combating porcine epidemic diarrhea and transmissible gastroenteritis. This study is the first to show that recombinant L. plantarum suppresses PEDV and TGEV infection of IPEC-J2 cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.151-159
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• 2016

Nanoparticles have wide-scale applications in various areas, including medicine, chemistry, electronics, and energy generation. Several physical, biological, and chemical methods have been used for synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plants provide advantages over other methods as it is easy, efficient, and eco-friendly. Nanoparticles have been extensively studied as potential antimicrobials to target pathogenic and multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Their applications recently extended to development of antivirals to inhibit viral infections. In this study, we synthesized silver nanoparticles using Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon) and evaluated their activity against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H7N3. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UVVis absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cinnamon bark extract and its nanoparticles were tested against H7N3 influenza A virus in Vero cells and the viability of cells was determined by tetrazolium dye (MTT) assay. The silver nanoparticles derived from Cinnamon extract enhanced the antiviral activity and were found to be effective in both treatments, when incubated with the virus prior to infection and introduced to cells after infection. In order to establish the safety profile, Cinnamon and its corresponding nanoparticles were tested for their cytotoxic effects in Vero cells. The tested concentrations of extract and nanoparticles (up to 500 μg/ml) were found non-toxic to Vero cells. The biosynthesized nanoparticles may, hence, be a promising approach to provide treatment against influenza virus infections.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.1
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• pp.209-236
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• 1992

The microculture XTT antiviral assay method is used to quantitate HIV-1 induced cytopathic effects as modulated by test substances. This relatively simple assay facilitated the safe and rapid determination of in vitro antiviral activity of selected chemicals as well as direct cytotoxicity. This experiment also confirmed that this system measures infection and subsequent viral replication in target cells and XTT formazan formations correlated with the accumulation of extracellular virions, as measured by quantitative HIV-1 induced syncytium foramtion. The present results with Glycyrrhizin using this in vitro culture system demonstrated that effective dose, EC50(the concentration at which increases XTT formazan production in infected cultures to 50% of that in untreated, uninfected controls) was 250ml. As comparison, AZT was included in this experiment and demonstrated that EC50 AZT of was 0.05g/ml, approximately 5,000 times more potent than Glycyrrhizin based on EC50 ratio's alone. However, this potency is limited by severe cytotoxicity of AZT, while Glycyrrhizin is approximately 16 times less toxic(IC50 of Glycyrrhizin 800 and AZT 51 g/ml). While AZT's anti-HIV-1 viral activity is mediated by inhibition of reverse transcriptase of the virus, Glycyrrhizin faild to demonstrate any inhibitory activity against reverse transcriptase. Further study is necessary in order to understand the precise mechanisms of Glycyrrhizin action against HIV-1 viruses. Althouth Glycyrrhizin is less effective antiviral agent than AZT, much less toxicity of Glycyrrhizin is desirable in terms of chronic treatment. Combination treatment of AZT and Glycyrrhizin may be therapeutically beneficial. Clinical effectiveness of two drug combination therapy for AIDS patient is unknown at this time. However, this experimental investigation presents the scientific rational basis for such therapeutic approach.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.431-440
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• 2007

A silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) extract known to contain naturally occurring iminosugars, including 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ) derived from the mulberry tree (Morus alba L.), was evaluated in surrogate HCV and HBV in vitro assays. Antiviral activity of the silkworm extract and one of its purified constituents, 1-DNJ, was demonstrated against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and GB virus-B (GBV-B), both members of the Flaviviridae family, and against woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), both members of the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses. The silkworm extract exhibited a 1,300 fold greater antiviral effect against BVDV in comparison to purified 1-DNJ. Glycoprotein processing of BVDV envelope proteins was disrupted upon treatment with the naturally derived components. The glycosylation of the WHV envelope proteins was affected largely by treatment with the silkworm extract than with purified 1-DNJ as well. The mechanism of action for this therapy may lie in the generation of defective particles that are unable to initiate the next cycle of infection as demonstrated by inhibition of GBV-B in vitro. We postulate that the five constituent iminosugars present in the silkworm extract contribute, in a synergistic manner, toward the antiviral effects observed for the inhibition of intact maturation of hepatitis viral particles and may complement conventional therapies. These results indicate that pre-clinical testing of the natural silkworm extract with regards to the efficacy of treatment against viral hepatitis infections can be evaluated in the respective animal models, in preparation for clinical trials in humans.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.37-44
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• 2023

Purpose: Currently, research on environmental conditions and finishing materials for medical facilities with proven antiviral performance is poor in Korea. Through this study, we have explored environmental characteristics and finishing materials that can be used to control cross-infection when constructing medical facilities. Methods: Experiments in overseas papers related to antiviral effects of environmental conditions, spatial compartments, and interior finishes have been analyzed. Results: The higher the temperature, the higher the humidity, and the higher the illuminance of sunlight, the lower the viability of the corona-virus. The proliferation of viruses was suppressed on the surface of the copper alloy. Materials such as brushed steel are the ones that maintain the strongest viability. Among the characteristics of the surface, survival and propagation power differ depending on whether it is porous or hydrophilic. In the case of infection ward actually operated in Italy, the presence of airborne viruses in contaminated and non-contaminated spaces differed significantly. Corona-virus has been identified in reachable parts such as door handles and medical shelves in quasi-contaminated spaces, which are spaces between contaminated and non-contaminated spaces, but the corona-virus has not been identified in cases of out-of-touch walls. Implications: It is necessary to evaluate the performance by testing the construction finishing materials of infection control facilities according to domestic conditions.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.80.1-80.13
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• 2020

Background: In suckling piglets, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes lethal diarrhea accompanied by high infection and mortality rates, leading to considerable economic losses. This study explored methods of preventing or inhibiting their production. Bovine antimicrobial peptide-13 (APB-13) has antibacterial, antiviral, and immune functions. Objectives: This study analyzed the efficacy of APB-13 against TGEV through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Methods: The effects of APB-13 toxicity and virus inhibition rate on swine testicular (ST) cells were detected using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The impact of APB-13 on virus replication was examined through the 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀). The mRNA and protein levels were investigated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot (WB). Tissue sections were used to detect intestinal morphological development. Results: The safe and effective concentration range of APB-13 on ST cells ranged from 0 to 62.5 ㎍/mL, and the highest viral inhibitory rate of APB-13 was 74.1%. The log₁₀TCID₅₀ of 62.5 ㎍/mL APB-13 was 3.63 lower than that of the virus control. The mRNA and protein expression at 62.5 ㎍/mL APB-13 was significantly lower than that of the virus control at 24 hpi. Piglets in the APB-13 group showed significantly lower viral shedding than that in the virus control group, and the pathological tissue sections of the jejunum morphology revealed significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: APB-13 exhibited good antiviral effects on TGEV in vivo and in vitro.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.408-417
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• 2024

It was confirmed whether PB-81, a 50% ethanol extract of Daphne genkwa (Siebold & Zucc), had an inhibitory effect on virus proliferation in bovine rotavirus and a therapeutic effect on bovine diarrhea disease. The results showed that PB-81 induced the interferon beta in A549 cells, an epithelial cell line and interferon gamma in NK92 cells, a blood cell line. Furthermore, to confirm the viral proliferation inhibitory effect of PB-81, PB-81 was administered to MBDK cell line before, during, and after infection. Result shows that the virus was suppressed in all cases where PB-81 was administered, and the best virus suppression effect was achieved when PB-81 was administered before virus infection. In the toxicity test in mice, no side effects due to toxicity were observed, even at a maximum dose of 20 mg/mL. To verify the therapeutic effect on 16 cattle with bovine rotavirus diarrhea and 4 cattle in the control group, PB-81 was administered at a dose of 20 mg/5 mL, and No fatality was observed during the treatment. The average recovery duration from the initial administration of PB-81 was 2.25 days in the PB-81 administration group and 6.5 days in the control group without PB-81 administration. No side effects were observed from the tested cattle with rotavirus diarrhea.