• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6 s.134
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• pp.71-78
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• 2005

For the utilization of chestnut inner bark as forest biomass, this studies have been carried out cleary investigated about phenolic compounds from the diethyl ether solubles and ethyl acetate solubles of hot water extract from chestnut inner bark. 3 compound were isolated and their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods. They were known compounds, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4,5-trihydrixybenzoic acid and catechin. Electron donating ability (EDA) of 3 compounds were investigated. Gallic acid and catechin were found to higher EDA than control, ascorbic acid and $\alpha$-tocopherol in 10 ppm, and especially gallic acid has very higher EDA, 21 times than ascorbic acid. This gallic acid of chemical structure were substituted with free phenolic hydroxyl groups at meta and para position. It was supposed that phenolic hydroxyl groups in chemical structure was a EDA factor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.814-821
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• 1997

Kimchi is composed of many ingredients such as Chinese cabbage, garlic, ginger, and red pepper and fermented fish extract. Some of them were known to have antioxidative activities due to their scavenging effect against reactive oxygen species(ROS). To study the health effects of kimchi on human skin cells, keratinocyte(A431, epidermoid carcinoma, human) and fibroblast(CCD-986SK, normal control, human) were cultured in oxidative stress condition provoked by paraquat, a superoxide anion generator, and hydrogen peroxide in the absence and presence of kimchi extract. The survival rate of keratinocyte was greatly reduced when exposed over 1mM concentration of hydrogen peroxide($H_{2}O_{2}$), but cytotoxicity of $H_{2}O_{2}$ was significantly reduced by kimchi extracts on cells. Especially 2 week-fermented kimchi decreased remarkably the cytotoxicity by $H_{2}O_{2}$ to keratinocyte cells. Over 1mM of paraquat concentration showed strong cell toxicity on keratinocyte, but the extracts from kimchi fermented for 1, 2 and 3 weeks showed protective effects in order. Fibroblast cells were significantly affected by $H_{2}O_{2}$ as were keratinocyte cells. Although almost all extacts of kimchi of different fermentation periods showed protective effect against cell killing at 0.5mM concentration of $H_{2}O_{2}$ week-fermented kimchi extract showed the strongest protective effect on fibroblast cells treated with 1mM $H_{2}O_{2}$ for either 1 day or 4 days. However most of kimchi extracts showed weak preventive effect or no effect on oxidative stress produced by paraquat. In conclusion, 2 week-fermented kimchi extract seems to have the best potential in preventing skin cells against oxidative damage which might be related to their scavenging effects of kimchi components produced during their fermentation process.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.150-155
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• 2004

The free radical scavenging activities and the protective effects of Rhus javanica extracts against oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and water fractions were prepared from a methanol extract. DPPH radical, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were estimated. Intracellular ROS formation was quantified using fluorescent probes, 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) for hydroxyl radical and dihydroethidium (DHE) for superoxide anion. The oxidative DNA damage was investigated by the comet assay in HepG$_2$ cells exposed either to $H_2O$$_2$ or to menadione. The highest $IC_{50}$/ values for DPPH radical scavenging activity was found in the ethyl acetate fraction with a value of 5.38 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. Cells pretreated with $\geq$ 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL of the ethyl acetate extract had significantly increased cell viability compared to control cells, which were not pretreated with the extract. Intracellular ROS formation and DNA damage in HepG$_2$ cells, which were pretreated with the various concentrations of Rhus javanica ethyl acetate extract and then incubated either with $H_2O$$_2$ or with menadione, reduced in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that Rhus javanica might have biologically active components which have strong protective effects against ROS induced oxidative damages to the biomolecules, such as cell membranes and DNA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1071-1075
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• 2003

This study was performed to observe the antioxidative and genotoxic effect of the fractions from Inonotus obliquus using DPPH test and micronucleus assay. Stepwise fractionation of the ethanol extract from Inonotus obliquus was done by using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water to obtain effective fraction. Each fraction was tested in 1.5 ${\times}$ 10$^{-4}$ DPPH. Among six fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest electron donating activities (46.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL). The results on genotoxic effects on insoluble fractions and most of fractions showed cytotoxic effects more than 90% activity. These results suggest that some components contained in the Inonotus obliquus showed such activities and much more studies have to perform.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.215-220
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• 2007

One of the important functions of skin is protection from harmful environments. Many studies have explored how to prevent skin from wrinkling and the occurrence of pigmentation changes. Skin wrinkling and pigmentation changes could be caused by unusual disruption of connective tissue, the formation of free radicals and ultraviolet radiation. In this study, extracts obtained from 254 different kinds of Jeju medicinal plants were screened for inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and elastase, and for free radical scavenging effects. Four herbs, Phormium tenax, Morus bombycis, Morus alba, and Cudrania tricuspidata, were potent inhibitors of tyrosinase ($IC_{50}$ values 4.62, 5.46, 8.17, and 64.17 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively). Aleurites fordii [$IC_{50}$: 5.29 ${\mu}g$/mL, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)], Distylium racemosum ($IC_{50}$: 6.14 ${\mu}g$/mL), Acer palmatum ($IC_{50}$: 5.44 ${\mu}g$/mL), and Spiraea salicifolia ($IC_{50}$: 5.25 ${\mu}g$/mL) showed good antioxidative effects. Furthermore, Distylium racemosum ($IC_{50}$: 7.51 ${\mu}g$/mL), Diospyros kaki ($IC_{50}$: 15.1 ${\mu}g$/mL), Cornus macrophylla ($IC_{50}:$ 16.59 ${\mu}g$/mL), and Psidium guajava ($IC_{50}$: 40.25 ${\mu}g$/mL) exhibited potent inhibitory effects on elastase. These results suggest that medicinal plants possessing several biological activities may be potent inhibitors of the processes involved in pigmentation increases and aging. Further investigations will focus on in vivo assays and on the chemical identification of the major active components responsible for whitening and anti-aging activity in the screened efficacious extracts.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.159-188
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to reseach the effect of Daehwanggamchoeumja(大黃甘草飮子) and its component groups on diabetes, free radicals, and antioxidants system in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The experimental group was divided into three groups: Daehwanggamchoeumja(DG), and its components groups, Gamdutang (Gamcho&Daedu; DG-I) and Daehwanggamchotang(DG-2). The results were obtained as follows: 1. In the study of effect on diabetic metabolic dysfunction(Glucose, Triglyceride, Total Cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, Total Protein, Albumin, Creatine, BUN), only DG has a significant effect. 2. In the study on free radical scavenging effect in vitro(the suppressing effect on peroxidation of linoleic acid on concentration, the scavenging effect of DPPH radical, inhibitory effect of superoxide in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation reaction by hydroxy radical in $H_2O_2Fe^{2-}$system, and the effect on Nitrate reductase activity), DG and DG-2 have more effect than DG-l relatively. 3. In the study on antioxidants system in vivo(The level of serum LPO, The level of hepatic LPO, Catalase, GSH, GST), only DG has a significant effect. These results suggest that Daehwanggamchoeumja(大黃甘草飮子) has an effect on diabetes, peroxidative damage by free radical, so it seems to be useful to prevent and treat diabetes. The mechanisms of these are supposed to be involved in antioxidant and three drugs' cooperative synergy effect.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.417-421
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• 1994

To detect naturally occurring antioxidative components from unused marine resources, the screening test for the antioxidants containing in starfish, ascidian skin, cuttlefish ink, echinoid skin, Sargassum horneri, Agarum cribrosum, Odonthalia corymbifera and Desmarestia ligulata was carried out. The ether, acetone and methanol fractions successively extracted from Odonthalia corymbifera were very effective on prevention of the nonenzymatic lipid oxidation and their $IC_{50}$, (a concentration to inhibit 50% of control lipid oxidation rate) were $30,\;100\;and\;200{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The water and methanol extracts obtained from cuttlefish ink also revealed strong antioxidant effect and their $IC_{50}$, were $390,\;100{\mu}g/ml$, respectively.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.191-196
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• 2007

We investigated radical scavenging effects and protective activities of fucoidan and alginic acid, active polysaccharide components from brown seaweeds, against peroxyl radical-induced oxidative stress under in vitro and cellular system. Fucoidan exerted strong radical scavenging effects against nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion $(O_2)$. On the other hand, alginic acid did not show inhibitory activity against NO and relatively weak $O_2{^-}$ scavenging effect. Additionally, alginic acid exhibited higher hydroxyl scavenging activity than fucoidan. Both fucoidan and alginic acid significantly enhanced cell viability against oxidative stress induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride (AAPH). At $1000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration of fucoidan and alginic acid, the viability was increased from 16.4% to 85.9% and 67.7%, respectively. In addition, fucoidan and alginic acid ameliorated the lipid peroxidation in LLC-PK1 cell induced by AAPH in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, fucoidan showed stronger inhibitory effect than alginic acid in the cellular system. The present study suggests that fucoidan and alginic acid may be promising antioxidants against oxidative stress induced by free radicals.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 2011

Anthocyanins are naturally occuring phytochemicals and the main components of the coloring of plants, flowers and fruits. They are known to elicit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and cancer preventive activity. In this study, we investigated anthocyanins in black / yellow soybean seedcoats using different methods of detection - thin layer chromatography (TLC), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and HPLC analysis. The anthocyanins in soybean seedcoats were extracted by five independent methods of extraction and the aglycons (anthocyanidins) of the corresponding anthocyanins were prepared by acid mediated hydrolysis. The anthocyanin / anthocyanidin in black soybean seedcoat showed characteristic TLC mobility, CZE electrophoretic retention and HPLC migration time while little of anthocyanins were detected from yellow soybean seedcoat. The extracted anthocyanins showed pH dependent retention time in CZE and spectral change in UV-Vis spectrum. HPLC analysis of the hydrolyzed extract of black soybean seedcoat identified the presence of four anthocyanidins. The major anthocyanin in black soybean seedcoat was cyanin (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), with the relative order of anthocyanidin in cyanidin > delphinidin > petunidin > pelargonidin.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.87-92
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• 1986

In Order to study antioxidative action of water soluble fractions which had been steamed according to time as 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, they were compared through the inhibitory effect of lipoperoxide formation by TBA, peroxide value and induction time for the first period of lipoperoxide formation. Results are obtained as follows: 1. In vivo experiment with TBA value, water soluble fractions showed aninhibitory effect of lipoperoxide formation. 2. Comparing with the inhibitory effect of lipoperoxide formation with TBA value in vivo, water soluble fractions which had been steamed for 30 and 60 minutes and those from fresh garlic proved effective in the blood by intraperitoneal administration. But in the liver all of water soluble fractions showed distinctive effect as in the case of fresh garlic. 3. Effect of water soluble fractions which had been steamed for 15, 30 and 60 minutes showed a distinctive effect, water soluble fraction which had been steamed for 120 minutes and that from fresh garlic also showed effective in the blood as compared with control. 4. In oral administration, water soluble fraction of fresh garlic was the most effective in the liver. 5. In vitro experiment with peroxide value, water soluble fractions which had been steamed for 60 and 120 minutes were effective, all of water soluble fractions from steamed garlic were more effective than fresh garlic. 6. In Examining the induction time for the first period of lipoperoxide formation in vitro, water soluble fractions steamed for 30, 60 and 120 minutes were effective. Other fractions were also more effective than control.