• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.325-334
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• 2009

Salmonella spp. are the important pathogens both economically and clinically in animals as well as human. Some of them have highly zoonotic potentials even though they are asymptomatic in animals. Therefore, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in animals is highly concerned for human health. The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and PFGE patterns of Salmonella spp. isolated from chickens at slaughterhouse in Incheon area. The overall isolation rate of Salmonella spp. from cloaca and cecum specimens was 7.3 % (37/510). Thirty seven isolates of Salmonella spp. were identified to 5 serotypes; S. Enteritidis, S. Newport, S. Typhimurium, S. Gallinarum, and S. Derby with prevalence of 46.0%, 40.5%, 8.1%, 2.7%, and 2.7%, respectively. Resistance to nalidixic acid was found in 97.3% of Salmonella spp. isolated, followed by streptomycin (16.2%), tetracycline (16.2%), ampicillin (5.4%). Only 6 isolates (16.2%) showed resistance to more than two antimicrobials. In PFGE analysis of chicken and human isolates with Xba I, S. Enteritidis isolates from chicken showed very high similarity over 82.8% and also the similarity was very high in the comparison with human isolates. However, the higher similarity (100%) was observed among chicken isolates of S. Typhimurium. These results suggest the close genetic relatedness of Salmonella spp. isolated from chickens with human.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 1978

After the advent of the effective antimicrobial drugs, empyema of the pleural cavity came to be considered an infrequent disease. However, in recent years the problem of empyema is increasing, probably due to bacterial changes associated with the use and misuse of antimicrobials as well as alterations in the host associated with increased longevity and chronic disease. During the 10 years period from 1957, Sop. to 1977, Aug., we experienced 152 cases of empyema, of which 37 were scheduled on open thoracotomy drainge for chronic empyema. 1. The ratio of male to female was 3.6:1 with male predominance and 64% of total was above 40 years old in age distribution. 2. The cardinal symptoms were fever[70%], dyspnea[40.5%], and sputum[40.5%]. The leucocytosis were observed in 75.7% of all cases. The hemoglobin level showed subnormal in 21.6% of all cases. 3- The underlying pathology predisposing to empyema were postoperative empyema [35.1%] and tuberculosis[32.4%] in order. 4. The pathologic organisms by bacterial culture in 37 patients were Pseudomonas [24.3%], Staphylococccus [21.6%], Streptococcus [21.6%]., no growth [8. 1%] and the remainders. 5. The late results were as follow; a. Spontaneous closure was seen in 10 patients and all of them belongs to non-tuberculous group. Their mean duration was 14 months. b. Still opened are eight; 6 in tuberculous group, remainders in non-tuberculous group. c. Secondary closure was performed in 6 patients, of which 5 cases showed successful secondary closure but one failed. The mean duration from OTD to secondary closure was 46.3 days. d. Eleven patients were not followed. e. Two patients were expired; one was due to progressive cachexia and pulmonary insufficiency, the other due to gastrointestinal bleeding unrelated to empyema.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.622-627
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• 2011

This study was designed to investigate the possible role of 10 green manure crop extracts in antimicrobial activity against potato common scab (Streptomyces scabiei). Ten green manure crops were extracted with hexane, ether, ethylacetate, methanol and water. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of ether, methanol and water was higher than those of hexane and ethylacetate fractions. The fractions of methanol, ethylacetate, ether and water showed antimicrobial activity against Streptomyces scabiei from the concentration of 0.25 mg/mL. Methanol fraction of Sorghum showed the highest antimicrobial activity against this microorganism. This result suggests the sorghum extract was the best as good green manure crop with antimicrobial activity against Streptomyces scabiei.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.353-361
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• 2018

RFW and RFE of castor fruit selected as part of the development of natural antimicrobials and antioxidants yielded 15.8% and 18.4% respectively. In the results of measuring the antimicrobial activity through paper disc method, the antimicrobial activity of castor fruits in ethanol extracts appeared. Especially, the activity was excellent in P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, and antimicrobial activity of C. was 1.5mm up to 16 hours. However, the proliferation of C. was observed again after 24 hours. In the MIC experiment results of RFE, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa showed 96% and 93% of antimicrobial activity, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of RLW and castor leaf ethanol extract showed $1.8{\pm}0.6%$ and $2.1{\pm}0.7%$ free radical scavenging activity at $1000({\mu}g/m{\ell})$. This study is expected to provide basic data for the development of antimicrobial agents and antioxidants using natural products.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.91-104
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• 2011

Background : Although chronic non-bacterial prostatitis is increasing, it is hard to treat effectively. In western medicine, antimicrobials drug, ${\alpha}$-adreno-ceptor antagonists, anti-inflammatory drugs, tricyclic antidepressants and anticholinergic agents are used commonly, but chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndromes is confusing and frustrating for urologist. IDS(Indongsoyeom-bang) is used in treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndromes. And it is reported that GLS(Gleditsiae spina) and TOF(Toosendan fructus) components of IDS have significant effect on protection of the glandular epithelial cells. Objective : In this study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic effects and action machanism of IDS in the rat model of non-bacterial prostatitis induced by castration and testosterone treatment. Methods : We observed six experimental objects of normal group, control group, testosterone group, and IDS 50 mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg group. Rats were treated with 17 ${\beta}$-estradiol after castration for induction of experimental non-bacterial prostatitis, which is similar to human chronic prostatitis in histophatological profiles. IDS and testosterone were administered as an experimental specimen and a positive control, respectively. The prostates were evaluated by histological parameters including the epithelial score and epithelio-stromal ratio for glandular damage. Also, the prostates were observed by Hematological alterations of WBC, RBC, hemoglobin and platelet. Results : While prostates of control rats revealed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation, the rats treated with IDS-50 showed a diminished range of the tissue damage. Epithelial score was improved in IDS than that of the control. The epithelio-stromal ratio was lower in IDS when compared to that of the control. Also, the examination of bloods were not observed hematological change. Conclusion : These finding suggests that IDS may protects the glandular epithelial cells. We concluded that IDS could be a useful remedy agent for treating chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2015

The antibacterial activity of a antimicrobial (organic synthetic or organic natural material) on the bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Arthrobacter oxydans, Micrococcus luteus, Methylobacterium aquaticum) detected in the automobiles showed 99.9% bacteria decrease rate within 30 min of being in contact with the tested bacteria culture. The MIC of the organic synthetic material based antimicrobials and the organic natural material based antimicrobial on the bacteria were 31~500 mg/mL and 8~250 mg/mL, respectively. The bacteria and biofilms were formed on the surface of aluminum after 5 ~8 days in the case of addition of the organic synthetic material based antimicrobial to the MIC values for the tested bacteria culture. On the other hand, there was no proliferation of bacteria and formation of biofilms on the surface of aluminum even after 30 days in the case of addition of the organic natural material based antimicrobial to the MIC values for the tested bacteria culture. As a result, the organic natural material based antimicrobial was confirmed to be more excellent effect of inhibition of bacterial proliferation and restraint of biofilms formation than the organic synthetic material based antimicrobial.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

In an effort to discover alternative antimicrobials against Listeria monocytogenes, several marine algae were screened. The methanolic extract of Ecklonia cava exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes, with the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble fraction of E. cava methanolic extract having a MIC value of $256{\mu}g/mL$ and a MBC value of ${\mu}g/mL$. The MIC values of streptomycin in combination with the EtOAc fraction were markedly reduced up to 64-fold, suggesting that the antibacterial activity of the antibiotic was restored when combined with the EtOAc fraction. The interaction between streptomycin and the EtOAc fraction was assessed by fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. The combination of streptomycin and the EtOAc fraction against L. monocytogenes resulted in ${\Sigma}FIC_{min}$ range of 0.141 to 0.266 and ${\Sigma}FIC_{max}$ of 0.531 for all strains. The median ${\Sigma}FIC$ against L. monocytogenes strains ranged from 0.172 to 0.344. Thus, synergistic ranges of FIC <1 were observed for all combinations of streptomycin and the EtOAc fraction against L. monocytogenes strains. Indeed, the median ${\Sigma}FIC$ of streptomycin-EtOAc fraction ranged from 0.172 to 0.344, suggesting a marked synergy.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.628-648
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• 2016

Increased attention has been paid to the presence of veterinary antibiotics in various environmental matrices due to their toxicological behavior in the ecosystem and development of antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. In the this review, 37 target antimicrobials were selected based on annual sales of antibiotics for livestock in South Korea 2014. Also, extraction and clean-up methods for the determination of the antibiotic residues in liquid samples including water, milk, and honey were comprehensively reviewed in the literature. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was commonly used as a pre-treatment method for the samples. Most of the analytes were extracted in acidic conditions (2.5~4.0) except for aminoglycosides, which were extracted in neutral conditions (7.0~8.0). ${\beta}-Lactams$ showed the highest recoveries in neutral pH due to their degradation characteristics in acidic media. Starta-X, Oasis HLB, and Oasis MCX were frequently applied as an SPE cartridge and Oasis HLB showed the highest recoveries for the majority of antibiotic classes. The homogenized honey and milk were extracted by mixing with acids for deproteinization. Solids and other interfering substances in the extract were eliminated by centrifugation followed by membrane filtration or SPE before injection into HPLC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1326-1331
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• 2003

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of Toyocerin, a probiotic containing Bacillus toyoi spores, on the health status and productivity of pigs, during nursery, growing and finishing phases. On a commercial farrow-to-finish farm in Greece, 3 experimental groups were formed, each of 72 weaned piglets. The pigs of the first group (T1 group; negative controls) received normal feed with no antimicrobials or probiotics, the pigs of the second group (T2 group) received the same type of feed but supplemented with 1.0${\times}$10$^9$, 0.5${\times}$10$^9$ and 0.2${\times}$10$^9$ spores per kg of feed at weaning, growing and finishing stage, respectively, and the pigs of the third group (T3 group) were fed with Toyocerin at the dose of 1.0${\times}$10$^9$ spores per kg of feed during the entire fattening period (weaning, growing and finishing stages). The results have shown that, compared to the controls, Toyocerin treated pigs had reduced incidence of postweaning diarrhoea (p<0.05). Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli were detected in faecal samples of 0% to 25% of pigs of the treated groups, but in 33.5% to 50% of pigs of the non-treated group (p<0.05). Over the negative controls, a significant improvement of weight gain (4.5% and 8.3% for T2 and T3 groups, respectively), and of feed conversion ratio (6.6% and 13.0% for T2 and T3 groups, respectively) was observed. The 76.5% of the carcasses of the T3 group was classified in the top three categories of the EUROP scale (S, E and U), whilst the respective figures were 47.8% for T2 group and only 10.5% for T1 group (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.662-668
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• 2017

This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli and Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from oysters Crassostrea gigas, short-necked clams Ruditapes philippinarum and corb shells Cyclina sinensis from the West Coast of Korea from June through November 2013. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolated strains of E. coli and V. parahaemolyticus to 12 antimicrobial agents used in Korea for clinical or veterinary therapy were analyzed. Antimicrobial resistance to at least one antibiotic was seen in 52.0% of the E. coli isolates (156 strains) and 44.3% of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates (194 strains). The resistance of the E. coli (34.0%) and V. parahaemolyticus (41.8%) isolates to ampicillin was highest. Multiple antimicrobial resistance against at least three antimicrobials was seen in 9.0% of the E. coli isolates and 1.0% of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates.