• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.183-187
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• 2022

The current Covid-19 pandemic has changed the entire world and bought so many unprecedented challenges to the scientific community. More than 5 million people died due to the SARS-COV-2 outbreak. For many thousands of years, ginseng, the traditional herb has been used for various infectious diseases by traditional healers. Ginseng showed promising antiviral effects by modulating both natural and acquired immunity. Ginseng might be used as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection along with the vaccine. In this current review, we offer an alternative approach for SARS-COV-2 prevention during this unprecedented pandemic.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.87-102
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• 2023

Globally, acute gastroenteritis is responsible for two million pediatric deaths. In particular, viral gastroenteritis is the most common cause of acute diarrhea, and most children aged <5 years are infected at least once. The common symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. Viral gastroenteritis is generally caused by rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus. Recently, probiotics use has increased rapidly worldwide due to its inhibitory effect against viral gastroenteritis. In addition, probiotics are known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects and enhance immunity without any side effects. Therefore, this review focuses on the anti-viral effects of probiotics on viral gastroenteritis. Furthermore, this review would provide basic data that could be used for developing new products that have improved functionality by addition of probiotics to milk and dairy food.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1873-1881
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• 2019

The innate immune response serves as a first-line-of-defense mechanism for a host against viral infection. Viruses must therefore subvert this anti-viral response in order to establish an efficient life cycle. In line with this fact, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes numerous genes that function as immunomodulatory proteins to antagonize the host immune system. One such mechanism through which KSHV evades the host immunity is by encoding a viral homolog of cellular interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs), known as vIRFs. Herein, we summarize recent advances in the study of the immunomodulatory strategies of KSHV vIRFs and their effects on KSHV-associated pathogenesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.617-627
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• 2018

Environmental stressors like pathogens and toxins may depress the animal immune system through invasion of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tract, where they may impair performance and production, as well as lead to increased mortality rates. Therefore, protection of the GIT tract and improving animal health are top priorities in animal production. Being natural-sourced materials, phytochemicals are potential feed additives possessing multiple functions, including: anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-viral and antioxidative properties. This paper focuses on immunity-related physiological parameters regulated by phytochemicals, such as carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, and thymol; many studies have proven that these phytochemicals can improve animal performance and production. On the molecular level, the impact of inflammatory gene expression on underlying mechanisms was also examined, as were the effects of environmental stimuli and phytochemicals in initiating nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways and improving health conditions.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.345-349
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• 2015

Betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill), has been known for a wide range of biological and medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antihelmintic, antinociceptive, and anticancer activities. In the study, we investigated the antiviral activity on influenza A/PR/8 virus infected A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line and C57BL/6 mice. Betulinic acid showed the anti-influenza viral activity at a concentration of $50{\mu}M$ without a significant cytotoxicity in influenza A/PR/8 virus infected A549 cells. Also, betulinic acid significantly attenuated pulmonary pathology including increased necrosis, numbers of inflammatory cells and pulmonary edema induced by influenza A/PR/8 virus infection compared with vehicle- or oseltamivir-treated mice in vivo model. The down-regulation of IFN-${\gamma}$ level, which is critical for innate and adaptive immunity in viral infection, after treating of betulinic acid in mouse lung. Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that betulinic acid can be the potential therapeutic agent for virus infection via anti-inflammatory activity.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2022

The majority of the children experience milder coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms. Children represent a significant source of community transmission. Children under 18 years of age account for an estimated 4.8% of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections globally. However, no conclusive statements pertaining to the multi-fold aspects of the virus in children could be drawn due to the lower prevalence of pediatric cases. The present study was conducted to identify the indirect impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections on developing herd immunity among children in the age group 3 to 18 years by investigating their antibody levels. In the study, 240 children aged 3~18 years were recruited by the Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Amritsar, India, and quantification of the antibodies was performed at the Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), Government Medical College (GMC), Amritsar, India. Out of the 240 serum samples, 197 (82.08%) showed seropositivity, while 43 (17.92%) were seronegative. When stratified, it was observed that in the age group 3~6 years, 22.33% of children were found to have anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies while in the age groups 7~10 years, 11~14 years, and 15~18 years, respectively, 37.06%, 30.46%, and 10.15% were seropositive. Although there was seroconversion among children which was useful for predicting the next wave, no differences in seropositivity were observed between adults and children.

• 한국방재안전학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.23-40
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• 2021

세계적인 코로나19 대유행의 시대에, 현재 치료제·백신이 개발, 시판 중인 단계에서 병원내 교차감염의 위험성이 있는 상황이므로, 개인적으로는 후천적인 면역력을 제고하고 사회환경적으로 구리이온의 성능에 의한 생활방역체제를 일반화해야 한다. 감염확산방지를 위해 동서고금의 연구개발사례를 근거로 항균동 필름의 필요성 및 항바이러스 성능실험을 통해 효능성을 분석했다. 한국건설생활환경시험연구원(KCL)에서 항균성능인증 및 "국가승인 성능인증기관"에서 항바이러스 시험성적 인증을 받게 되었다. 당시 질병관리본부의 허가를 받은 실험재료인 NCCP 43326 Human corona virus(BetaCoV/Korea/KCDC03/2020)을 분양받아 생물안전기준에 맞게 생체외 실험실에서 In Vitro시험 결과, 항바이러스 성능시험에서 감염된 세포의 활성제거율이 만족할만한 결과를 도출하고 성능을 인증받게 되었다. 항후 코로나19 바이러스 확산방지대책으로 항바이러스 동필름이 시공된 유리창 공간내에서의 실험군과 항균동필름이 없는 동일조건의 대조군을 비교하는 질(質)적인 임상실험연구가 추가 필요하다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.684-692
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• 2016

Acute respiratory virus infectious diseases are a growing health problem, particularly among children and the elderly. Much effort has been made to develop probiotics that prevent influenza virus infections by enhancing innate immunity in the respiratory tract until vaccines are available. Lactobacillus plantarum GB-LP2, isolated from a traditional Korean fermented vegetable, has exhibited preventive effects on influenza virus infection in mice. To identify the molecular basis of this strain, we conducted a whole-genome assembly study. The single circular DNA chromosome of 3,284,304 bp was completely assembled and 3,250 protein-encoding genes were predicted. Evolutionarily accelerated genes related to the phenotypic trait of anti-infective activities for influenza virus were identified. These genes encode three integral membrane proteins, a teichoic acid export ATP-binding protein and a glucosamine - fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase involved in host innate immunity, the nonspecific DNA-binding protein Dps, which protects bacteria from oxidative damage, and the response regulator of the three-component quorum-sensing regulatory system, which is related to the capacity of adhesion to the surface of the respiratory tract and competition with pathogens. This is the first study to identify the genetic backgrounds of the antiviral activity in L. plantarum strains. These findings provide insight into the anti-infective activities of L. plantarum and the development of preventive probiotics.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.18.1-18.15
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• 2023

It has been reported that some exercise could enhance the anti-viral antibody titers after vaccination including influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines. We developed SAT-008, a novel digital device, consists of physical activities and activities related to the autonomic nervous system. We assessed the feasibility of SAT-008 to boost host immunity after an influenza vaccination by a randomized, open-label, and controlled study on adults administered influenza vaccines in the previous year. Among 32 participants, the SAT-008 showed a significant increase in the anti-influenza antibody titers assessed by hemagglutination-inhibition test against antigen subtype B Yamagata lineage after 4 wk of vaccination and subtype B Victoria lineage after 12 wk (p<0.05). There was no difference in the antibody titers against subtype "A." The SAT-008 also showed significant increase in the plasma cytokine levels of IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-6 at weeks 4 and 12 after the vaccination (p<0.05). A new approach using the digital device may boost host immunity against virus via vaccine adjuvant-like effects.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2022

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as a part of innate immunity, plays an important role in detecting pathogenic molecular patterns (PAMPs) which are structural components or product of pathogens and initiate host defense systems or innate immunity. Precise negative feedback regulations of TLR signaling are important in maintaining homeostasis to prevent tissue damage by uncontrolled inflammation during innate immune responses. In this study, we identified and characterized the function of the pancreatic progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation factor (PPDPF) as a negative regulator for TLR signal-mediated inflammation in chicken. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the structure of chicken PPDPF evolutionarily conserved amino acid sequences with domains, i.e., SH3 binding sites and CDC-like kinase 2 (CLK2) binding sites, suggesting that relevant signaling pathways might contribute to suppression of inflammation. Our results showed that stimulation with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acids (Poly [I:C]), a synthetic agonist for TLR3 signaling, increased the mRNA expression of PPDPF in chicken fibroblasts DF-1 but not in chicken macrophage-like cells HD11. In addition, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes stimulated by Poly(I:C) were reduced in DF-1 cells which overexpress PPDPF. Future studies warrant to reveal the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory capacity of PPDPF in chicken as well as a potential target for controlling viral resistance.