• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.98-105
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• 2009

Background: It has been recently noticed that type 2 diabetes (T2D), one of the most common metabolic diseases, causes a chronic low-grade inflammation and activation of the innate immune system that are closely involved in the pathogenesis of T2D. Cordyceps militaris, a traditional medicinal mushroom, produces a component compound, cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine). Cordycepin has been known to have many pharmacological activities including immunological stimulating, anti-cancer, and anti-infection activities. The molecular mechanisms of cordycepin in T2D are not clear. In the present study, we tested the role of cordycepin on the anti-diabetic effect and anti-inflammatory cascades in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Methods: We confirmed the levels of diabetes regulating genes mRNA and protein of cytokines through RT-PCR and western blot analysis and followed by FACS analysis for the surface molecules. Results: Cordycepin inhibited the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ in LPS-activated macrophages via suppressing protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. T2D regulating genes such as $11{\beta}$-HSD1 and PPAR${\gamma}$ were decreased as well as expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as ICAM-1 and B7-1/-2 were also decreased with the increment of its concentration. In accordance with suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production lead to inhibition of diabetic regulating genes in activated macrophages. Cordycepin suppressed NF-${\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-activated macrophages. Conclusion: Based on these observations, cordycepin suppressed T2D regulating genes through the inactivation of NF-${\kappa}B$ dependent inflammatory responses and suggesting that cordycepin will provide potential use as an immunomodulatory agent for treating immunological diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.503-509
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• 2022

Methylglyoxal is a highly reactive precursor which forms advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs and methylglyoxal are known to induce various diseases such as diabetes, vascular disorders, Diabetes Mellitus (DM), and neuronal disorders. Juglans regia L is an important food commonly used worldwide, having nutritious components, including phenolic compounds. Since ancient times, Juglans regia L have been differently applied by various countries for health and in diverse diseases, including arthritis, asthma, skin disorders, cancer, and diabetes mellitus. However, the effect of diabetes-induced renal damage against AGEs remains unclear. This study evaluates the anti-glycation and renal protective effects of ethanol extract of Juglans regia L against methylglyoxal-induced renal tubular epithelial cell death. Exposure to methylglyoxal resulted in reduced cell viability in NRK-52E cells, but co-treatment with Juglans regia L extracts significantly increased the cell viability. In addition, we examined the anti-glycation effect of Juglans regia L extracts. Compared to the positive control aminoguanidine and Alagebrium, treatment with Juglans regia L extracts significantly inhibited the formation of AGEs, collagen cross-linking, and breaking collagen cross-linking. Taken together, our results indicate that Juglans regia L is a potential therapeutic agent for regulating diabetic complications by exerting anti-glycation and renal protective activities.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate anti-glycemic and anti-lipid effects of Supungsunkihwan-gagambang, which is composed of Cornus officinalis, Dioscorea Batatas Decaisne, Auantii fructus and Platicodon grandiflorum. Methods: Diabetes was induced in ICR male mice ($24{\pm}1g$) with Surwit's high fat and high sucrose diet. Mice were divided into 3 groups (n=10) of normal, control and Supungsunkihwan-gagambang. The Supungsunkihwan-gagambang group was given 5% herbal medicine in their diet. The animals were fed on each experimental diet for 8 weeks. Body weight was assessed every week. At the 7th week, the fasting blood sugar (FBS) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were conducted in all experimental groups. After 8 weeks, fructosamine, lipid profile, epididymal fat weight, liver weight and white adipose tissue (WAT) size were measured. Results: Supungsunkihwan-gagambang significantly reduced FBS, OGTT and fructosamine. It also increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and significantly reduced triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and WAT size. Conclusions: These results show that Supungsunkihwan-gagambang improves anti-glycemic and anti-lipid effect in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Therefore we suggest that Supungsunkihwan-gagambang could be an effective treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.20-38
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of herb formula HDDM, a modification of Huangdan decoction that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of glomerulonephritis and chronic renal failure, on the blood glucose levels in multiple low doses (MLD; 50 mg/kg for five consecutive days) of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated female B6C3F1 mice. Initial studies were performed to compare diabetes induction in five strains (e.g., B6C3F1, NOD, CD-1, C3H/HeN and C57BL/6) of mice by MLD-STZ, and immune changes following the treatment. The results suggested that the order of susceptibility to diabetes induction was NOD $\approx$ CD-1 > B6C3F1 $\approx$ C3H > C57BL/6. Furthermore, STZ modulation of T cell development, differentiation and activation might play a role in diabetes induction by MLD-STZ treatment. MLD-STZ-induced diabetes in female B6C3F1 mice was moderate, which allowed the evaluation of drug-induced protection or exacerbation of diabetes to be performed. As such, modulation of blood glucose by HDDM, which consisted of Da Huang (Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei), Huang Qi (Radix Astragali Seu Hedysari), Dan Shen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae), Yin Yang Huo (Herba Epimedii), Yi Yi Ren (Semen Coicis or Coix lacryma-jobi), Mai Dong (Radix Ophiopogonis) and Shan Zhu Yu (Fructus Corni), was evaluated in MLD-STZ-treated female B6C3F1 mice. The results suggested that HDDM could lower the blood glucose levels, but it had no immunomodulatory activities. Additionally, HDDM-treated mice exhibited improved glucose tolerance. In conclusion, these studies have suggested that MLD-STZ-induced diabetes in female B6C3F1 mice is a useful model to evaluate drug modulation of diabetes, and that the herb formula HDDM possesses anti-diabetic effects.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.408-414
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the anti-hyperglycemia effects of the Triticum aestivum wheat sprout (TAWS) water extracts in the diabetic mice. Diabetic experimental model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin into male Balb/c mice. Mice were divided into five groups: normal (CON), diabetic control (DM), and three experimental groups (DM-100, diabetes with TAWS extracts 100mg/kg; DM-50, diabetes with TAWS extracts 50 mg/kg; DM-25, diabetes with TAWS extracts 25 mg/kg). TAWS extracts were administered orally in diabetic mice. Body weight, food intake, and blood glucose levels were recorded for 12 days and blood insulin levels were measured at the day 12. Oral administration of TAWS extracts reduced slightly food intake and induced a little body weight gain in DM-100 groups. The blood level of glucose was decreased in the dose-dependent manner; 55% in the DM-100 group and 39.7% in the DM-50 group. The blood level of insulin also was improved 10 folds in the DM-100 group and 3.6 folds in the DM-50 group compared to the DM group. The contents of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids in 1 g dry mass of TAWS extracts were 6.6 mg of tannic acid equivalents and 1.0 mg of 8-hydroquinolline equivalents, respectively. In addition, the antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activity of TAWS extracts were 1.2 mM and 1.8 mM ascorbic acid equivalents, respectively. These results suggest that TAWS water extracts could contribute to attenuate clinical symptoms of diabetes mellitus.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.282-287
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Jerusalem artichoke has inhibitory activity against ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and decreases fasting serum glucose levels, which may be related to its fructan content. The biological activity of fructan can be influenced by the degree of polymerization. Thus, in this study, the inhibitory effects of original and fermented purple Jerusalem artichoke (PJA) on ${\alpha}$-glucosidase were compared in vitro. Additionally, the anti-diabetes effect of Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented PJA (LJA) was studied in a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus animal model (C57BIKsJ db/db). MATERIALS/METHODS: The water extract of PJA was fermented by L. plantarum, and two strains of Bacillus subtilis to compare their anti-${\alpha}$-glucosidase activities in vitro by ${\alpha}$-glucosidase assays. The anti-diabetes effect of LJA was studied in a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus animal model (C57BIKsJ db/db) for seven weeks. During the experiment, food intake, body weight, and fasting blood glucose were measured every week. At the end of the treatment period, several diabetic parameters and the intestinal ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity were measured. RESULTS: The LJA showed the highest ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro. In the in vivo study, it resulted in a significantly lower blood glucose concentration than the control. Serum insulin and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher and the concentrations of triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, and total cholesterol were significant lower in mice treated with LJA after seven weeks. In addition, the intestinal ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity was partially inhibited. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that LJA regulates blood glucose and has potential use as a dietary supplement.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.15.1-15.10
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• 2021

Abnormal inflammatory responses are closely associated with intestinal microbial dysbiosis. Oral administration of Qmatrix-diabetes-mellitus complex (QDMC), an Aloe gel-based formula, has been reported to improve inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice; however, the role of the gut microbiota in ameliorating efficacy of QDMC remains unclear. We investigated the effect of QDMC on the gut microbiota in a type 2 diabetic aged mouse model that was administered a high-fat diet. Proinflammatory (TNF-α and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine levels in the fat were normalized via oral administration of QDMC, and relative abundances of Bacteroides, Butyricimonas, Ruminococcus, and Mucispirillum were simultaneously significantly increased. The abundance of these bacteria was correlated to the expression levels of cytokines. Our findings suggest that the immunomodulatory activity of QDMC is partly mediated by the altered gut microbiota composition.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1980.09a
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• pp.53-57
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• 1980

Red ginseng powder was administered at a dose of 2.7 g per day for 3 months to 21 diabetic patients who were under the treatment with insulin. It was found that the ginseng powder was effective to 12 patients and ineffective to 9 patients. Based on these clinical results, experiments were carried out to elucidate factors which concerned with improvement of pathological conditions of diabetes mellitus. In the previous symposium, we reported that red ginseng powder contained an anti-lipolytic peptide, or an insulin-like peptide. In the course of purification of the insulin-like peptide in the ginseng, we found another fraction which possessed anti-lipolytic activity. The anti-lipolytic factor of the fraction was purified by gel filtration on Bio Gel P-2 column and Dowex $50W{\times}4$ column chromatography. The character of the finally purified material was examined by thin-layer chromatography, high-speed liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. With these examinations, the active principle was indentified to be adenosine. Pharmacological significance of these insulin-like substances, the peptide and adenosine, was discussed.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.95.1-95.1
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• 2003

Sopungsungi-won has been used as a traditional medicine for diabetes and it has been proved evidently as a potential remedy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments with water extract of Sopungsungi-won have been reported to exhibit anti-diabetic effects in our previous studies. In the present study, we have chosen Rheum undulatum (RU), which is the main component of Sopungsungi-won, to examine its anti-apoptotic effect on pancreatic b-cells, HIT-T15, against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H$_2$O$_2$). (omitted)

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1-10
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• 2005

Objectives : The Present study was carried out to investigate the preventive effect of Anti-diabetic prescription 1(AD-1) on streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy. Methods : AD-1 consists of eleven herbs that have an effect on diabetes mellitus. AD-1 was given to rats with the combination of oral administration and herbal-acupuncture stimulation. The experimental animals were divided into 3 groups : normal group of rats, control group of STZ-induced diabetic rats, sample group with AD-1 treatment. Experimental diabetes was induced by the injection of STZ(60mg/kg) to e rat via the peritoneum. The effect of AD-1 on STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy was observed by measuring the serum level of creatinine and BUN. Urine secretion of albumin for 24 hours and urine level of glucose measures too. Anti-oxidative stress of AD-1 administration in living body was estimated by measuring lipid peroxide and GSH content in cortex of kidneys. Results : STZ induced increase of serum creatinine, BUN and albumin secretion were lowered by AD-1 treatment. Conclusion : The AD-1 treatment showed protective effect on rat diabetic nephropathy model, and action mechanism of the effect was thought to be concerned with anti-oxidative stress.