• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.2 s.77
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• pp.104-110
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• 1996

The effect of nutritional and cultural conditions for the production of anti-complementary polysaccharide from Pleurotus sajor-caju was studied. Maximum anti-complementary activity from its culture broth and mycelium was obtained by using lactose and maltose as a carbon source, respectively. Ammonium phosphate (monobasic) and serine were chosen for the highest activity among the inorganic nitrogen compounds and amino acids tested. Optimum temperature for the production of the anti-complementary polysaccharide was $25^{\circ}C$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 1992

We conducted screening on Chinese medicinal herbs to examine their anti-complementary activity by hemolytic complementary assay $(TCH_{50})$. Among 55 kinds of herbs, several herbs showed relatively potent anti-complementary activity which decreased $TCH_{50}$, more than 70% in comparison with control. Then, hot water extracts of the following herbs, Curcuma aromatica, Areca catechu, Gleditsiae spina, Euonymus alata, Acanthopanax senticous. Lonicera japonica, Aconitum carmichaeli, Curcuma zedoaria and Cinnamoum cassia, which were shown relatively potent anti-complementary activity were partially purified and analyzed their chemical properties. These activities were resistant to digestion with pronase but decreased by treatment with $NaIO_4$. These results may indicate that the complement activating ability in their herbs is due to polysaccharide. Furthermore, the anti-complementary activity of Areca catechu which was showed the most potent activity, was reduced partially in the absence of the $Ca^{++}\;ion$. After incubation of the normal human serum with partially purified polysaccharide of A. catechu in the absence of $Ca^{++}\;ion$, a cleavage of C3 in the serum was found to have occurred through immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit anti-human C3 serum. These results indicate that the mode of complement activation by polysaccharide of A. catechu is via both the alternative and classical pathway.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.136-140
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• 2012

Trifoliate orange seed extracts (TSEs) were made using either distilled water (TW), ethanol (TE), or n-hexane (TH), to measure total polyphenol contents, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and anti-complementary activity. The results showed that the total polyphenol content showed higher value at TE (235.24 ${\mu}g/mL$, p<0.05) than those of TW (132.65 ${\mu}g/mL$) and TH (165.44 ${\mu}g/mL$) at 10 mg/mL and TE exerted the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (61.77%, p<0.05), which occurred in the following order: TE TW (56.87%)>TH (39.78%). The results of ABTS radical scavenging activity showed that TW (34.26%) and TE (31.81%) showed similar activities, which were higher than TH (12.74%, p<0.05). Anti-complementary activity of TE (61% at 500 ${\mu}g/mL$) showed a higher activity when compared with the positive control (60% at 1,000 ${\mu}g/mL$) polysaccharide-K (PSK), a known immuno-active polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor. Consequently, among TSEs, TE is a byproduct from trifoliate orange and could be an important source of dietary polyphenolic antioxidant compounds and immunopotentiating activity, including complement activation.

• Mycobiology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.145-149
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• 2007

The Elfvingia applanata (EA), Hericium erinaceum (HE), Grifola frondosa (GF), Pholiota nameko (PN), Pleurotus eryngii (PE), Trametes suaveolens (TS), Fomes fomentarius (FF), and Inonotus obliquus (IO) could produce the endo- (EN) and exo-biopolymer (EX) in submerged culture. The highest anti-complementary activity of the EN was exhibited by PN (49.1%), followed by HE (38.6%), TS (37.0%), and FF (33.0%), whereas the high activity of the EX was found with GF (59.8%), followed by HE (36.3%), TS (30.8%), and IO (28.8%). The EN of P. nameko (EN-PN) and EX of G. frondosa (EX-GF) were found to contain 78.6% and 41.2% carbohydrates, while 21.4% and 58.8% protein, respectively. The sugar and amino acid compositions of EN-PN and EX-GF were also analyzed in detail.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.196-202
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• 2013

Citron seed extracts (CSEs) were made using distilled water (CSEW), ethanol (CSEE), and n-hexane (CSEH), to measure the total polyphenol contents, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and anti-complementary activity. The total polyphenol content was observed the highest in CSEE (188.71 ${\mu}g/mL$), and occurred in the following order: CSEE>CSEW (141.11 ${\mu}g/mL$)>CSEH (26.19 ${\mu}g/mL$) at 10 mg/mL. CSEE (63.56%) and CSEW (56.61%) showed significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging activities when compared with CSEH (28.57%). ABTS radical scavenging activities of CSEE (45.53%) and CSEW (40.02%) were also observed to be higher, whereas CSEH did not show ABTS radical scavenging activity. Anti-complementary activity of CSEE (26.85%) showed a greater activity than that of CSEW (7.84%) at 1,000 ${\mu}g/mL$. Limonin and nomilin contents had the highest values (1.882% and 2.089%) in CSEE, and with 0.327% and 0.139% in CSEW; however, CSEH showed relatively very low values at 0.061% and 0.026%, respectively. Among the CSEs tested, CSEE as a by-product from citron may provide an important source of dietary antioxidant compounds with rich polyphenol and limonoid contents, and immunopotentiating activity, including the complement activation factor.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.179-183
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• 2010

To produce the functional food materials from edible mushrooms, hot-water extracts from 70 kinds of mushroom mycelia were examined for anti-complementary activity and Phellinus linteus showed the highest activity through the complement fIxation test. The maximum production of Phellinus linteus mycelia with anti-complementary activity was observed in culture medium containing soluble starch 3.0%, peptone 0.3%, yeast extract 0.4%, $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 0.1%, $K_2HPO_4$ 0.2% and in the culture conditions controlled at initial pH 7.0, $30^{\circ}C$ and 150 rpm by the rotary shaker. In addition, the maximum production of mycelial dry weight was 15 mg/mL after 18 days under the optimal conditions, and anti-complementary activity was reached to 88% in 5 L-jar fermenter.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.546-555
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• 2006

An acidic polysaccharide fraction that had high anti-complementary activity was isolated from the stems of Grey Mangrove in 0.15% yield. The final fractions was designated HAM-3-IIb-II. The polysaccharide fraction appeared to be homogenous by high performance size exclusion chromatography with an estimated molecular weight of 105 kDa. The isolated polysaccharide is more effective than polysaccharide K (PSK) in its anti-complementary activity at 58 ${\mu}g/ml$ of PSK and 23 ${\mu}g/ml$ of HAM-3-IIb-II that inhibit 50% of complement activity in the complement fixation assay. Structural studies indicated that HAM-3-IIb-II was rich in galacturonic acid along with arabinose, galactose and rhamnose, characterizing a pectin-type polysaccharide, which was also confirmed by FT-IR spectrum. The presence of rich neutral sugar side chains of arabinogalactans may have contributed to the expression of high activity. Traditionally, this mangrove plant is used for medicinal purposes and it appears to have some scientific applications.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.137-141
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• 2001

Water-soluble crude polysaccharide (TM-1) prepared from the leaves of Teucrium viscidum var. miquelianum was fractionated into three polysaccharide fractions, TM-2, TM-3 and TM-4 by the addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The major polysaccharide fraction, TM-2, consisted of glucose, galactose, rhamnose, mannose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid, and all fractions contained galactose and glutose as the major neutral sugars. TM-4 showed the highest anti-complementary activity. When TM-4 was futher fractionated by anion exchange chromatography, TM4- II a and TM4-II b showed the most Potent anti-complementary activity. TM4- II a was composed mainly of galactose, arabinose and glucose in the molar ratios of 2.13 : 0.94 : 1.00 respectively, and contained a small amount of galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.4 s.87
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• pp.511-518
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• 1998

Anti-complementary assay for immuno-stimulating polysaccharide screening, human tumor colony-forming assay for discovering anti-tumor drugs, and toxic assay against mouse were performed to examine pharmacological activities of polysaccharides extracted from fruiting bodies of Jang-soo mushroom (Fomitella fraxinea). Hot water $(100^{\circ}C,\;FF-I)$, 1% ammonium oxalate solution $(80^{\circ}C,\;FF-II)$, and 5% sodium hydroxide solution $(80^{\circ}C,\;FF-III)$ were used for extraction of three polysaccharides from fruiting bodies of it. Anti-complementary activity of FF-I was more effective than the others. FF-I was further fractionated into three groups of polysaccharide by DEAE-Sephadex A25 column chromatography (FF-NP, FF-AP1, and FF-AP2). FF-AP1 showed not only the highest anti-complementary activity but also the growth-inhibitory activity against Snu-I (human stomach cancer cell) among 9 kinds of human tumor cell lines. But FF-AP2 exhibited its activity against Hep-2(larynx cancer) and KB(mouth epidermal cancer) cell lines at $500\;{\mu}g/ml$ although its anti-complementary activity was lower than it of FF-AP1. When FF-I was orally administrated to mice with dosage of 5000 mg/kg, no remarkable changes were observed in viewpoint of tissue-pathology.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1232-1236
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• 2006

Crude polysaccharide fractions of commercially available grape wines (red wine, white wine and wild grape wine) were prepared by evaporation and ethanol precipitation to confirm and identify anti complementary polysaccharides in the wines. When these fractions were evaluated for their anti complementary activity, crude polysaccharide fractions of red wine (RW-0) and wild grape wine (WGW-0) showed higher anti-complementary activities than those of white wine (WW-0). RW-0 and WW-0 were further fractionated into RW-1, WW-1 as high-molecular fractions, and RW-2, WW-2 as low-molecular fractions through gel permeation column chromatography on Sephadex G-75. RW-1 had the most potent activity with the highest carbohydrate content (91.3%). Anti-complementary activity of red wine was higher than that of white wine, suggesting that active polysaccharides such as pectin and hemicellulose are mainly distributed in the grape skin which is removed during white wine making. In addition, high molecular fractions, RW-1 and WW-1 with high contents of carbohydrate and high yields showed higher activities than those of low molecular fractions, RW-2 and WW-2.