• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2010

Biological activities such as anti-oxidative and anti-microbial of the Seungmakalgeuntang, a traditional prescription, were evaluated. The electron donating ability of water, ethanol, supercritical fluid and 1,3-butylene glycol extract of Seungmakalgeuntang showed more than 50% at a 100 ppm concentration. At a 1000 ppm concentration, the superoxide dismutase-like activities of ethanol and supercritical fluid extract of Seungmakalgeuntang showed less than 50%. xanthine oxidase inhibition effect of the supercritical fluid extract showed more than 70% at a 1,000 ppm concentration, which was higher than vitamin C. From the measurement on lipid oxidation, the $Fe^{2+}$ chelating abilities of the supercritical fluid extract of Seungmakalgeuntang was more than 60% at a 100 ppm concentration. Also the $Cu^{2+}$ chelating abilities of supercritical fluid extract Seungmkalgeuntang was showed more than 60% at a 500 ppm concentration. Clear zones formed by sample against the human skin-resident microflora such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acne of ethanol and supercritical fluid extract of Seungmakalgeuntang showed the highest among all the extracts tested using a 4mg/disc. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against both S. epidermidis and S. aureus showed 2,500 ppm in the extract of the supercritical fluid.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.975-984
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• 2018

The purpose of that was to investigate the potential of P. Herba extracts as phytonutrient active ingredients. In order to elucidate the P.Herba ethanol extracts were examined DPPH radical scavenging activity, NO production, protective effects against oxidative stress in HaCaT cells, anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial activity, anti-allergic effects, and inhibition of ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase expression. The antioxidative activity of the P. Herba extracts was compared, and the antioxidative activity of the ethanol extract was found to be superior. No significant cytotoxicity was observed in HaCaT, RAW 264.7, and RBL-2H3 cells. The protective effect of the extracts against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) was examined in HaCaT cells, and it was found to be 83% This concentration refers to which extract ethanol at $100{\mu}g/mL$. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was examined in RAW 264.7 cells, and NO production was suppressed even at low concentrations. In addition, the concentration-dependent antimicrobial activities of the extracts were demonstrated in several bacterial strains, such as those of S.aureus, S.epidermidis and P. acnes. Based on the findings from this study, Portulacae Herba extracts could be used as physiological active substance that possess antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1580-1590
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• 2019

Capsaicinoids in red pepper powder are known to show anti-bacterial effects; however, their effects during kimchi fermentation are not known. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various concentrations of capsaicinoids on kimchi fermentation. Five sets of kimchi samples were prepared using 0 mg/kg (control), $98.34{\pm}5.34mg/kg$ (mild), $243.47{\pm}3.71mg/kg$ (medium), $428.63{\pm}30.78mg/kg$ (hot), and $1,320.49{\pm}28.27mg/kg$ (extreme) capsaicinoid. The characteristics of each kimchi sample, including pH, acidity, organic acid, sugars, sugar alcohol, capsaicinoid content, and microbial community were periodically investigated during fermentation. Kimchi with red pepper powder shows significantly higher acidity than control kimchi, whereas pH values were the same. Organic acid in kimchi with red pepper powder was higher than in control kimchi, probably caused by higher lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts in kimchi samples with red pepper powder. Our results show that addition of red pepper powder decreased Leuconostoc spp. counts in the bacterial community. In particular, Lactobacillus sakei and Leuconostoc gelidum counts increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing capsaicinoid content of red pepper powder added to kimchi. Overall, the results of this study indicate that physicochemical properties and LAB such as L. sakei and L. gelidum are influenced by capsaicinoid content. However, further studies are necessary to investigate the effects of the percentage of red pepper powder in kimchi on fermentation to provide practical guidelines for producing standardized kimchi.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.13.1-13.19
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• 2021

Macrophages are important for the first line of defense against microbial pathogens. Integrin CD11b, which is encoded by Itgam, is expressed on the surface of macrophages and has been implicated in adhesion, migration, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. However, the functional impact of CD11b on the inflammatory responses of macrophages upon microbial infection remains unclear. Here, we show that CD11b deficiency resulted in increased susceptibility to sepsis induced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection by enhancing the pro-inflammatory activities of macrophages. Upon infection with MRSA, the mortality of Itgam knockout mice was significantly higher than that of control mice, which is associated with increased production of TNF-α and IL-6. In response to MRSA, both bone marrow-derived macrophages and peritoneal macrophages lacking CD11b produced elevated amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. Moreover, CD11b deficiency upregulated IL-4-induced expression of anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-10 and arginase-1, and an immunomodulatory function of macrophages to restrain T cell activation. Biochemical and confocal microscopy data revealed that CD11b deficiency augmented the activation of NF-κB signaling and phosphorylation of Akt, which promotes the functional activation of macrophages with pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory phenotypes, respectively. Overall, our experimental evidence suggests that CD11b is a critical modulator of macrophages in response to microbial infection.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 2007

Cosmetic products including skin and essence were manufactured to analyze the effect of green tea polyphenols addition. In addition, irradiation was applied to remove an undesirable color of green tea polyphenol(GTP), which may cause a problem in the marketing, of a final product; moreover, comparative studies were conducted with the cosmetic products on whether or not antiseptics were treated to verify its use for the development of non-antiseptic cosmetic products. Growth inhibition zones were shown in the microbial study except for Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of E. coli and C. albicans was 2,500 ppm but that of S. aureus was 1,000 ppm. The numbers of E. coli and S. aureus were reduced to undetected levels when 10,000 and 5,000 ppm of polyphenol were added, respectively. Results indicate that the addition of irradiated green tea polyphenol provides a good method to manufacture functional cosmetics including skin and essence with various biological activities such as antimicrobial activity without antiseptics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.1476-1480
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• 2016

Anti-microbial effects of the medium extracts from three different lactic acid bacteria (LB1, Lactobacillus acidophilus; LB2, Lactobacillus casei; LB3, Lactobacillus sicerae) were investigated. Three different extracts of lactic acid bacteria media (ELAM) did not show significant changes in pork loin quality after 3 and 14 days of cold storage such as general contents, colors, pH, and TBARS. To determine anti-bacterial activity of three ELAM, three pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus) were obtained and incubated with ELAM-absorbed paper discs. ELAM of LB2 and LB3 showed significantly larger bacterial growth inhibitory zones compared with that of LB1 (P<0.05). When the pathogenic bacteria inoculated in pork loin with three ELAM, total microbial contents of pork loin treated with ELAM of LB3 after 14 days of cold storage showed significantly lower microbial contents compared to those of control, LB1 and LB2 (P<0.05). In conclusion, ELAM of LB3 derived from L. sicerae had the most effective pathogenic bacteria inhibitory activity on agar and pork loin. This is the first result to report the antibacterial effect of L. sicerae. If the safety and toxicity characteristics of L. sicerae are further investigated, this new lactic acid bacterium would have potential as an effective and nature-friendly food preserving agent.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2010

This study was to estimate the effect of herbal medicines on periodontal disease. To screen effective materials for periodontal disease, we performed a series of test for 15 herbal medicine extracts. MIC test for P. gingivalis, IL-$1{\alpha}$ inhibition test, MMP-1 inhibition test and SOD activation test were carried out for herbal medicine extracts, respectively. The results are as followings : 1) Eunhang, Youkdoogu, Daewhang, Hoobak, Goojulcho, Yongacho, Mokhyang, Sesin, Sancho and Hoehyang extracts were effective for reduce P. gingivalis, 2) Eunhang, Jacyak, Youkdoogu, Hagocho, Hoobak, Guaru and Sanyak extracts showed high IL-$1{\alpha}$ inhibition rates, 3) Eunhang and Youkdoogu extracts have effects on MMP-1 inhibition, 4) Eunhang, Sanyak and Youkdoogu extracts effectively activate SOD. Especially, Eunhang extract has high performance through all estimations and can effectively prevent and treat periodontal disease.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.251-259
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• 2018

Objective : Kurarinone is one of the flavonoids isolated from Sophorae Radix with various biological activities including anti-microbial effect. In this study, we investigated the effects of Kurarinone on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced oxidative stress finally leading to apoptosis in human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Methods : To determine the effects on cell viability, the cells were exposed to tBHP ($100{\mu}mol/l$) after pretreatment with kurarinone (0.5 and $1{\mu}g/ml$). Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. To reveal the possible mechanism of cytoprotectivity of kurarinone, levels of reactive oxygen species, intracellular glutathione, mitochondrial membrane potential, and expression of caspase were examined. Results : tBHP-induced cell death was due to oxidative stress and the resulting apoptosis. Kurarinone dose-dependently protected cells from apoptosis when determined by MTT and TUNEL assay. Consistent with this observation, decreased expression of pro-caspase 3/9 protein by tBHP was restored by kurarinone. Kurarinone also showed anti-oxidative effects by inhibiting generation of ROS and depletion of GSH in tBHP-stimulated HepG2 cells. In addition, kurarinone significantly recovered disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as a start sign of hepatic apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Conclusion : From these results, it was concluded that kurarinone protected tBHP-induced hepatotoxicity with anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic activities. Our results suggest that kurarinone might be beneficial to hepatic disorders caused by oxidative stress.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.30-33
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• 2015

Anthocyanins are water soluble plant pigments which are responsible for the blue, red, pink, violet colors in several plant organs such as flowers, fruits, leaves and roots. In recent years, anthocyanin-rich foods have been favored as dietary supplements and health care products due to diverse biological activities of anthocyanins including antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-cancer and preventing cardiovascular disease. High-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) coupled with reversed-phase medium pressure liquid chromatography (RP MPLC) method was applied for the rapid and efficient isolation of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and peonidin 3-glucoside (P3G) from black rice (Oryza sativa L., Poaceae). The crude black rice extract (500 mg) was subjected to HPCCC using two-phase solvent system composed of tert-butyl methyl ether/n-butanol/ acetonitrile/0.01% trifluoroacetic acid (TBME/B/A/0.01% TFA, 1 : 3 : 1 : 5, v/v, flow rate - 4.5 mL/min, reversed phase mode) to give enriched anthocyanin extract (37.4 mg), and enriched anthocyanin extract was sequentially chromatographed on RP-MPLC to yield C3G (16.5 mg) and P3G (8.7 mg). The recovery rate and purity of isolated C3G were 76.0% and 98.2%, respectively, and those of P3G were 58.3% and 96.3%, respectively. The present study indicates that HPCCC coupled with RP-MPLC method is more rapid and efficient than multi-step conventional column chromatography for the separation of anthocyanins.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.190-198
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• 2018

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by microbial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), destroying gingival tissues and alveolar bone in the periodontium. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastic effects of panduratin A, a chalcone compound isolated from Boesenbergia pandurata, in human gingival fibroblast-1 (HGF-1) and RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment of panduratin A to LPS-stimulated HGF-1 significantly reduced the expression of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$), subsequently leading to the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-8 compared with that in the LPS control ($^{**}p$ < 0.01). These anti-inflammatory responses were mediated by suppressing the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and activator protein-1 complex formation pathways. Moreover, receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells treated with panduratin A showed significant inhibition of osteoclastic transcription factors such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 and c-Fos as well as osteoclastic enzymes such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and cathepsin K compared with those in the RANKL control ($^{**}p$ < 0.01). Similar to HGF-1, panduratin A suppressed osteoclastogenesis by controlling MAPK signaling pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that panduratin A could be a potential candidate for development as a natural anti-periodontitis agent.