• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.499-508
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• 2007

Background and Purpose: Some subtypes of malignant salivary gland tumors such as adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) frequently result in distant metastasis of vascular origin, which are main causes of treatment failure. The reasons for the affinity for vascular metastatic potential are unclear. Therefore, molecular characteristics that influence the dissemination of metastatic tumor cells are important for the design of more effective treatment of salivary ACC. Tumor angiogenesis has been known to be essential for the distant metastasis of malignant cells. So, we determined expressions of vascular metastasis related factors in orthotopic (parotid) murine models of parotid ACC and compared with those in ectopic (subcutis) tumors of athymic mice. Experimental Design: Using specimens from murine parotid (orthotopic, experimental group) and subcutaneous (ectopic, control group) tumors, which have developed via transplantation of tumor cells, originated from human parotid ACC, we performed immunohistochemical assays with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and interleukin (IL)-8 antibodies. We also performed immunohistochemical assays with VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, and phosphorylated VEGFR-2. Results: Transplantation of human ACC tumor cell $(5{\times}10^5)$ into the parotid and subcutis successfully resulted in orthotopic (parotid) and ectopic (subcutaneous) tumors in athymic mice. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated higher expression of major angiogenic factors (VEGF, bFGF, MMP-9) in the orthotopic tumors than in ectopic tumors (P<0.05). But the expression level of angiogenic receptors were same in orthotopic and ectopic tumors of parotid ACC. Conclusion: VEGF, bFGF, and MMP-9 could be a good candidates for antiangiogenic therapy for the contol of vascular metastatic lesions of salivary ACC.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.219-226
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• 2007

Pre-construction primer (PCP), or shopprimer, have been applied to steel plates to control temporary corrosion during ship fabrication. For surface preparation at ship block stage, in common shipyard practices, welding beads, burnt and rusted areas shall be blasted or power tool cleaned and the contamination such as zinc salt shall be removed with blasting or power tool. Whereas, the sound film of PCP needs not to be removed or roughened as the paint having good compatibility with PCP is used for the first coat. In many cases, however, full blasting or sweep blasting on the sound PCP treated block assemblies was requested. There still has been argument about the legitimacy of this practice, thus, it is critical to evaluate the quality of the coating system applied on the sound PCP retained condition, comparing with the one applied on the full blasted or sweep blasted condition. In this study, two different epoxy systems for water ballast tank were applied on the surfaces with sound PCP condition, full blasted condition, and sweep blasted condition. Coating performances such as durability, anti-corrosion, cathodic disbondment resistance were evaluated. The test results clearly indicated that the sound film of PCP needed not to be removed or roughened as the paint having good compatibility with PCP based on inorganic zinc silicate.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2018

A new naturally occurring benzoic acid derivative, benzyl 2,4-di(benzyloxy)benzoate (1) and six known compounds (2-7) were isolated from the fungus, Preussia sp. found in frozen soil of the Himalaya Mountain. The structures of the new compound, together with the known compounds were determined by 1D-and 2D-NMR experiments, as well as comparison with published values. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, the known compounds 2-7 were isolated for the first time from the genus Preussia and the family Sporormiaceae. The isolates were evaluated for cancer chemopreventive potential based on their ability to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited NO production by 50.7% and 88.5% at a concentration of 100 mg/ml, respectively.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.42-47
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• 2012

In the study, fire extinguishing concentration of $K_2CO_3$-Zeolite composite was measured. Zeolite composite is a porous adsorbent which has small particle size, low density and anti-catalytic effect. Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray diffraction and thermal analysis were also conducted to investigate the structural properties of composite. The result showed that despite of weight ratio, the extinguishing concentration of the composite was lower than pure $K_2CO_3$. The extinguishing concentration of $K_2CO_3$-Zeolite composite which has weight ratio of 7 : 3 was 5.72 times lower than that of pure $K_2CO_3$ and 1.1 times lower than that of ABC powder. The SEM and XRD patterns showed that $K_2CO_3$ was adsorbed on the Zeolite properly, and through the thermal analysis, it was founded that the composite is more effective extinguishing agent than pure $K_2CO_3$.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.494-503
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality and antioxidant properties of three fermented sweet potato cultivars (Shinyulmi, Hogammi, and Shinjami) using lactic acid bacteria. During the fermentation, the pH was lowered and the titratable acidity increased. The viable cell counts of lactic acid bacteria increased 8.44-9.62 log CFU/g. Organic acid content (especially lactic acid) of sweet potatoes increased by fermentation. Also, ${\gamma}$-Aminobutyric acid increased more than 8.6 times by fermentation in all samples. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of sweet potato, showed insignificant changes in all samples by fermentation. ABTS radical scavenging activity of all samples slightly decreased by fermentation, but not significantly. DPPH radical scavenging activity decreased slightly by fermentation except Shinyulmi. However, when compared with the varieties, Shinjami showed the highest activity. The reducing power of Shinjami decreased slightly by fermentation, but activity was the highest among all samples. Based on these results, most of the chemical properties and functionality of fermented sweet potato are retained after fermentation, although some antioxidant activity decreases. We suggest that three fermented sweet potato cultivars (Shinyulmi, Hogammi, and Shinjami) using lactic acid bacteria can be used in various applications because of their effective functional properties.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.284-293
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• 2018

Objectives: Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the active ingredients of herbal plants such as Nigella sativa L. (NS) which has beneficial effects on the body. The beneficial effects of TQ on the cardiovascular system have reported. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TQ on cardiac fibrosis and permeability, serum and tissue concentration of inflammatory markers and oxidative stress status in chronic lipopolysaccharide exposure in male rats. Methods: Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups as follows: (1) control; (2) LPS (1 mg/kg/day); (3-5) LPS + TQ with three doses of 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg (n=14 in each group). After 3 weeks, serum and cardiac levels of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, and cardiac levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol groups, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, permeability of heart tissue (evaluated by Evans blue dye method) and myocardial fibrosis were determined, histologically. Results: LPS administration induced myocardial and perivascular fibrosis and increased cardiac oxidative stress (MDA), inflammatory markers and heart permeability, while, reduced anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD and CAT) and the total thiol group. Administration of TQ significantly attenuated these observations. Conclusion: TQ improved myocardial and perivascular fibrosis through suppression of chronic inflammation and improving oxidative stress status and can be considered for attenuation of cardiac fibrosis in conditions with chronic low-grade inflammation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1615-1623
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• 2021

Picropodophyllotoxin (PPT), an epimer of podophyllotoxin, is derived from the roots of Podophyllum hexandrum and exerts various biological effects, including anti-proliferation activity. However, the effect of PPT on colorectal cancer cells and the associated cellular mechanisms have not been studied. In the present study, we explored the anticancer activity of PPT and its underlying mechanisms in HCT116 cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to monitor cell viability. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate cell cycle distribution, the induction of apoptosis, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assess the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), and multi-caspase activity. Western blot assays were performed to detect the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, apoptosis-related proteins, and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). We found that PPT induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and ROS in the HCT116 cell line. In addition, PPT enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, which regulates apoptosis and PPT-induced apoptosis. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was inhibited by an antioxidant agent (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, NAC) and a p38 inhibitor (SB203580). PPT induced depolarization of the mitochondrial inner membrane and caspase-dependent apoptosis, which was attenuated by exposure to Z-VAD-FMK. Overall, these data indicate that PPT induced G1 arrest and apoptosis via ROS generation and activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.17-26
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• 2022

Objective : The aim of the present study is to examine hepatic lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of silymarin combined with Jakyakgamcho-tang on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a high fat diet-induced obese mice model. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were divided into four dietary groups: (1) Normal, (2) Control (60% high-fat diet), (3) Control + silymarin 50 mg/kg/day (Silymarin), (4) Control + Silymarin 50 mg/kg/day + Jakyakgamcho-tang 100 mg/kg/day (SPG). After 12 weeks administration, mice were sacrificed and lipids and inflammation-related biomarkers were analyzed liver and plasma. Results : Silymarin and SPG treatments significantly lowered body and liver weights compared to the Control. Serumlipids (triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1𝛽, and IL-6) concentrations were significantly lowered in the Silymarin and SPG groups than the Control group. Silymarin and SPG treatments suppressed hepatic TG level and hepatic lipid droplets compared to the Control. Theses two treatments significantly increased hepatic kinase B1 and AMP-activated protein kinase protein levels, and significantly decreased hepatic key lipogenic enzymes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and stearyl coenzyme A desaturase 1) protein levels than the Control. SPG also significantly increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation-related protein (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and uncoupling protein 2) levels than the Control. Conclusions: Silymarin and SPG suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation by regulating hepatic protein expression, and lowered blood pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations though the synergic effect of silymarin and Jakyakgamchotang was not clear.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.41-47
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• 2022

Objectives : Terminalia chebula (TC) has been used as a traditional remedy to treat gastrointestinal infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, its protective effects and mechanisms against skin inflammation have not been well-elucidated. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the protective effects of the TC water extract and also to suggest a putative mechanism of TC against skin injury on human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells. Methods : HaCaT cells were pre-treated with TC for 1 h and then stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (10 ng/mL each) to induce skin inflammation and injury. After 24 h, the cells were harvested to evaluate the expression of Th2 chemokines, such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5, also known as RANTES), C-C chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17, also known as TARC) and C-C chemokine ligand 22 (CCL22, also known as MDC). To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of TC, we also assessed the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) signaling pathways in HaCaT cells. Results : Treatment of TC decreased the mRNA levels of RANTES, TARC and MDC with a concentration dependent manner against co-stimulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ. In addition, TC significantly reduced TNF-α and IFN-γ induced phosphorylation of STAT1. Conclusions : In summary, we propose that TC may be a promising candidate for anti-inflammatory skin protector through the inhibition of chemokines via STAT1 deactivation.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.955-964
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• 2023

Bee pollen is a valuable apitherapeutic product and has been known to have diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and even anticancer activity. However, its effect on the immune system is not well studied and is rather controversial. This study intended to elucidate the biological activity of bee pollen on immunity. For this purpose, we used lyophilized bee pollen after wet grinding, which shows increased extraction of bioactive components and enhanced biological activity. First, lyophilized bee pollen after wet grinding significantly increased the proliferation of splenocytes isolated from normal mice. On the other hand, lyophilized bee pollen after wet grinding dose-dependently reversed splenocyte proliferation by concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide. To clarify the activity of bee pollen on immunity lyophilized bee pollen after wet grinding was administered daily to mice for five weeks and isolated splenocytes. In this study, there was no significant difference in the population of immune cells and the size of spleen between bee pollen- and sterile water-treated groups. However, proliferation of splenocyte isolated from bee pollen-administered animals was boosted by both concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide. Finally, kaempferol, a well-known flavonoid from bee pollen, dose-dependently increased splenocyte proliferation by both Con A and LPS. On the other hand, naringenin, another flavonoid in the bee pollen, dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of splenocytes by Con A and LPS. Together, these data indicate that bee pollen may be able to prime the immunity to boost immune reaction after inflammation.