• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1039-1049
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• 2023

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by immune dysregulation. Meanwhile, the supernatant of lactic acid bacteria (SL) was recently reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, HaCaT keratinocytes stimulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) are widely used for studying AD-like responses. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of SL from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT keratinocytes, and then we investigated the strains' probiotic properties. SL was noncytotoxic and regulated chemokines (macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)) and cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-25, and IL-33) in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT keratinocytes. SL from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus MG4644, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MG4693, and Lactococcus lactis MG5474 decreased the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Furthermore, the safety of the three strains was demonstrated via hemolysis, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, and toxicity tests, and the stability was confirmed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Therefore, L. rhamnosus MG4644, L. paracasei MG4693, and Lc. lactis MG5474 have potential applications in functional food as they are stable and safe for intestinal epithelial cells and could improve atopic inflammation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2001

Object : Hepatitis Treatment-tang No.1 has been used for the treatment of Liver disease and Jaundice. Long-term EtOH exposure leads to immunoregulatory and detoxification impairment. This study aimed to determine the relationship between TNF-${\alpha}$ production and expression, and EtOH-induced cytotoxicity on Hep G2 cells. Method : Cells were incubated with EtOH in the presence or absence of HT. The cells were tested after 24 hours and, again, after 48 hours. Cytoviability and TNF-${\alpha}$ release were analyzed by MTT assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. After 24 hours of EtOH exposure, the cytoviability decreased, and the release of TNF-${\alpha}$ was increased. Increased amounts of TNF-${\alpha}$ contribute to EtOH-induced cytotoxicity. The Anti-TNF-${\alpha}$ antibody almost abolished it. Interestingly, EtOH-induced cytotoxicity and TNF-${\alpha}$ production were inhibited by HT. Moreover, when HT was used in combination with the anti-TNF-${\alpha}$ antibody, there was a marked inhibition of EtOH-induced cytotoxicity. Results : These results suggest that HT may prevent the cytotoxicity through partial inhibition of the TNF-${\alpha}$ secretion.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.10-21
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was to investigate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect of Psoralea corylifolia water extract (PE) on ulcerative colitis which was induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice. Methods: Ulcerative colitis was induced by DSS in male BALB/c mice. The mice were divided into 3 groups. The control group (Ctrl) was not induced ulcerative colitis. The pathological group (CE) was induced the colitis. The experimental group (PT) was administered PE after inducing the colitis. The effects of the PE on ulcerative colitis were evaluated by morphological change in the colon tissue and cells, substance P production, activity of tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ and nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 production, and anti-oxidative activity. Results: In the PT group, PE alleviated hemorrhagic erosion in colon mucosa and infiltration of inflammatory cells in lamina propria mucosae. In the colon of the PT group, COX-2 production was inhibited via regulating the activity of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65. PE also had an anti-oxidative effect via activating nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). Conclusions: In this study, we found the utility of treatment with PE and the potential of developing a medicine for ulcerative colitis by applying our results. Further investigations for the anti-inflammatory mechanism of PE may be needed.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.254-260
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• 2012

Adipose inflammation is linked to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Hesperidin (HES) is a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. However, whether HES improves inflammation-mediated insulin resistance in adipose tissues remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether HES attenuates inflammation-mediated insulin resistance in adipose tissue. Herein, RAW 264.7 cells and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with various concentrations of HES in complete media for 1 h and then cultured in the presence or absence of LPS or TNF-${\alpha}$. Our results demonstrated that HES remarkably inhibited LPS-induced production of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and NO by RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, HES inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$-induced production of IL-6 and $PGE_2$ in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, while upregulated TNF-${\alpha}$-suppressed expression of adiponectin and PPAR-${\gamma}$ mRNA. These findings suggest that HES may ameliorate inflammation-mediated insulin resistance in adipose tissue.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 2013

Adipose tissue-derived chronic inflammation contributes to development of insulin resistance in obesity, leading to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Baicalin, a flavonoid, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, anti-adipogenic, and antiobesity effects. However, whether baicalin attenuates adipose tissue-derived development of insulin resistance remains still unclear. This study was to investigate effect of baicalin on the inflammatory changes involved in the development of insulin resistance in adipose tissue. RAW 264.7 cells and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with various concentrations of baicalin in complete media for 1 h and then cultured in the presence or absence of LPS or TNF-${\alpha}$. Our results demonstrated that baicalin remarkably inhibited LPS-induced production of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and NO by RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Baicalin also inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$-induced production of IL-6 and $PGE_2$ in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, while upregulated TNF-${\alpha}$-suppressed expression of adiponectin and PPAR-${\gamma}$ mRNA and IRS-1 protein. These findings suggest that baicalin may prevent the adipose tissue-derived development of insulin resistance in obesity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.557-563
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• 2011

Platycodon grandiflorum (Korean name, Doraji) has been widely used in traditional herbal medicine as an expectorant for pulmonary disease and a remedy for respiratory disorders in Asia. Here, we investigated the effects of BtOH extract saponin fraction of P. gradiflourm (PGS) on phagocytosis and anti-tumor activity with related cytokine productions in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The results showed that PGS increased phagocytosis, anti-tumor activity, TNF-${\alpha}$ and nitric oxide (NO) production without direct tumor cell cytotoxicity. To further investigate whether NO is involved in anti-tumor and phagocytic activities of PGS, cells were co-treated with specific iNOS inhibitors, L-NIL (N6-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine, dihydrochloride), to block NO production. PGS decreased anti-tumor activity in L-NIL-treated cells, whereas phagocytic activity was not inhibited under the same conditions, indicating that the anti-tumor activity by PGS appears to be conducted by NO. These findings suggest that P. grandiflorum could be used a potential nutrition therapeutic agent for cancer patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Acer tegmentosum Maxim (ATM) is known as traditional medicine for treatment of hepatic disorders such as hepatitis, related-inflammatory disease, and hepatic cancer. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ATM extracted with $80^{\circ}C$ water or 95% ethanol. Antioxidant activities of ATM extracts were measured based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, total polyphenolic compound contents, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. The anti-inflammatory effects of ATM extract were assayed on release of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, and interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages. In these experiments, 95% ethanol extract of ATM showed stronger antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects than water extract. Therefore, we determined the effects of ATM ethanol extract on an animal model of sepsis. Seven days oral gavage of ATM ethanol extract followed by LPS stimulation reduced the protein levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in serum as well as mRNA levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and interleukin-6 in intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, ATM ethanol extract reduced DNA damage in mouse lymphocytes. These results indicate that ATM extract has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in vitro and in vivo effects and may be developed as a potential food material for prevention of inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.117-126
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was an analysis of the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and skin whitening properties of Gamioncheong-decoctione(GMOCD) extract. Methods : GMOCD(96 g) and 2 L of distilled water were heated at $100^{\circ}C$ for four hours and then concentrated, frozen, freeze-dried, dissolved in distilled water and filtered. The following analysis was completed: cell cytotoxic effect using MTT assay, oxidative products of NO by griess assay, concentration of prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ by commercially competitive enzyme immunoassay, and cytokines($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$) by Bio-Plex$^{(R)}$ Suspension Array System's Bio-Plex Pro$^{TM}$ mouse cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor assay. Anti-oxidative effect was measured using the DPPH method and skin whitening effect using tyrosinase inhibition assay. Results : GMOCD water-extract did not show any toxicity at all doses and cell viability was more than 90 % at all doses. GMOCD water-extract significantly inhibited NO production at doses of 100, 200, $400{\mu}g/ml$, significantly inhibited $PGE_2$ production at doses of 200 and $400{\mu}g/ml$ and reduced the LPS-induced IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production in a dose-dependent manner. $IL-1{\beta}$ production was significantly reduced at a dose of $400{\mu}g/ml$ and IL-6 production was significantly reduced at doses of 200 and $400{\mu}g/ml$. DPPH free radical scavenging capability had a skin whitening effect rate of more than 50%. Tyrosinase inhibition activity was apparent in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions : This study suggests that GMOCD water-extract suppressed NO and $PGE_2$ production and inhibited cytokines($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$). GMOCD also improved DPPH free radical scavenging capability. GMOCD water-extract increased tyrosinase inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner but this was not a statistically significant result.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2008

Objectives : Evodia officinalis DODE (EO), an herbal plant, has been widely used in traditional Korean medicine for the treatment of vascular diseases such as hypertension. The crude extract of EO contains phenolic compounds that are effective in protecting liver microsomes, hepatocytes, and erythrocytes against oxidative damage. But EO has been little found to have an anti-inflammatory activity. We investigated anti-inflammatory activity of EO in RAW 264.7 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods : Cytotoxic activity of EO on RAW 264.7 cells was investigated by using 5-(3-caroboxymeth-oxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt (MTS) assay. The nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by Griess reagent system. And proinflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA kit. The levels of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression were measured by flow cytometer. Results : EO decreased LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibitory activity of EO on LPS-induced NO release is probably associated with suppressing TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and MCP-1 formation. These results indicate that EO has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. Moreover, EO decreased TNF-${\alpha}$-induced IL-8, IL-6 production, and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in HUVECs. Conclusions : EO inhibits TNF-${\alpha}$-induced inflammation via decreasing cytokines production and adhesion molecules expression. These results indicate that EO has potential as an anti-inflammation and anti-artherosclerosis agent.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.32 no.4 s.59
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• pp.257-261
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to assess the anti-irritation activities of Rheum undulatum L. extract against various irritants. In order to investigate the anti-inflammation effects of Rheum undulatum L. extract on keratinocytes, we measured the quantities of interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$(TNF ${\alpha}$) secreted by cultured human keratinocytes. As the results, Rheum undulatum L. extract inhibited the secretion of these cytokines dosage-dependently. We also investigated the anti-inflammation effects of Rheum undulatum L. extract against irritant skin reactions induced by 3 mM Methyl nicotinate. The flush was significantly decreased by application of O/W emulsion containing Rheum undulatum L. extract. In the primary irritation test, when Rheum undulatum L. extract was included in O/W emulsion containing 5.0% lactic acid, its considerable anti-irritation effect was revealed. In a in-use test, we confirmed the excellent anti-irritation effect of O/W emulsion containing Rheum undulatum L. extract.