• Title/Summary/Keyword: Antarctic sea

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Clay Mineralogy and Geochemistry of a Sediment Core from the Seamount to the South of Antarctic Polar Front, Drake Passage (남극 드레이크해협 극전선 남부 해산 퇴적물 코어의 점토광물 및 지구화학적 특성)

  • Jeong, Gi-Young
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.19 no.3 s.49
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    • pp.163-169
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    • 2006
  • Mineralogy and geochemistry of the sediment core from the seamount (2710 m below the sea level) just south of the Antarctic Polar Front were examined to draw paleoceanographic information in glacial-interglacial cycles. Smectite was most abundant clay mineral associated with illite and chlorite. Its content was slightly higher below 170 cm, suggesting a boundary between isotope stage 4 and 5. Si, Zr, Cs, Th, REE, $K_{2}O$, and $Al_{2}O_{3}$ show complete antithetical distribution with respect to $CaCO_{3}$ through the core. $SiO_{2}$ maxima and $CaCO_{3}$ minima at depths of 24, 136, and 176 cm are probably correlated with massive influx of ice-rafted debris during the advance of Antarctic ice shelves. Ni, Cu, and Ba show rather little correlation with $SiO_{2}$, suggesting their relation to biogenic debris, precipitation from seawater, or hydrothermal input. Particularly, Ba maxima tend to lag $10{\sim}20cm$ after $SiO_{2}$ maxima, probably due to rapid increase of productivity following deglaciation.

Microwave Radiation Characteristics of Glacial Ice in the AMSR-E NASA Team2 Algorithm (AMSR-E NASA Team2 알고리즘에서 빙하빙의 마이크로파 복사특성)

  • Han, Hyang-Sun;Lee, Hoon-Yol
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.543-553
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    • 2011
  • Sea ice concentration calculated from the AMSR-E onboard Aqua satellite by using NASA Team2 sea ice algorithm has proven to be very accurate over sea ice in Antarctic Ocean. When glacial ice such as icebergs and ice shelves are dominant in an AMSR-E footprint, the accuracy of the ice concentration calculated from NASA Team2 algorithm is not well maintained due to the different microwave characteristics of the glacial ice from sea ice. We extracted the concentrations of sea ice and glacial ice from two ENVISAT ASAR images of George V coast in southern Antarctica, and compared them with NASA Team2 sea ice concentration. The result showed that the NASA Team2 algorithm underestimates the concentration of glacial ice. To interpret the large deviation of estimation over glacial ice, we analyzed the characteristics of microwave radiation of the glacial ice in PR(polarization ratio), GR(spectral gradient ratio), $PR_R$(rotated PR), and ${\Delta}GR$ domain. We found that glacial ice occupies a unique region in the PR, GR, $PR_R$, and ${\Delta}GR$ domain different from other types of ice such as ice type A, B, and C, and open water. This implies that glacial ice can be added as a new category of ice to the AMSR-E NASA Team2 sea ice algorithm.

Artificial Sea Ice Increasing to Mitigate Global Warming (지구 온난화 경감을 위한 인공해빙증가)

  • Byun, Hi-Ryong;Park, Chang-Kyun
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.36 no.6
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    • pp.501-511
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    • 2015
  • This study suggests a method of alleviating global warming by the increase of the Earth surface albedo through Artificial Sea ice Increasing (ASI) over the Available Freezing Areas (AFA). The method is developed based on the fact that the large sea surface area in or near the Arctic and the Antarctic has no ice even though both water and air temperatures are below zero and the artificial sea ice generation is thus available. The mean energy of $0.85Wm^{-2}$, which was suspected of adding to the earth by the global warming effect was calculated to offset at once when the sea ice area about $4.09{\times}10^6km^2$ was additionally increased. In addition, three techniques for producing ice plates on the sea surface (using ships, installation apparatus, and floating matter such as Green Cell Foam) for ASI were proposed. According to the result of simple analysis using the energy balance model, when ASI was maximally operated only for 3 months (September, October, and November) over AFA, it is expected that the annual mean temperature of earth surface would be decreased about $0.11^{\circ}C$ in the following year. On the other hand, in case of generating the artificial sea ice in all four seasons, a risk of triggering snowball earth was detected.

Distribution and Abundance of Zooplankton in the Bransfield Strait and the Western Weddell Sea during Austral Summer

  • Lee, Won-Cheol;Kim, Su-Am;Kang, Sung-Ho;Bang, Hyun-Woo;Lee, Kang-Hyun;Kwak, Inn-Sil
    • Ocean and Polar Research
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.607-618
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    • 2004
  • Zooplankton community was surveyed during the Seventh Korea Antarctic Research Program, from 28 December 1993 to 11 January 1994. Zooplankton samples were collected at 40 stations from the waters around the South Shetland Islands with a Bongo net and a MOCNESS. A total of 14 taxa of zooplankton were identified. Zooplankton abundances varied at each station as well as with the sampling gears. Zooplankton abundances were higher in the Western Weddell Sea than those in the Bransfield strait. Zooplankton collected with MOCNESS showed a different vertical distribution depending on its depths at selected stations. Copepods were the major components of zooplankton contributing 72.84% (mesh size $333{\mu}m$) and 68.36% (mesh size $505{\mu}m$) of total zooplankton abundance from the Bongo samples. Salps were the second most abundant group comprising 7.92% $(333{\mu}m)$ and 11.99% $(505{\mu}m)$ of total zooplankton abundance. Euphausiids, chaetognaths, polychaetes, pteropods and ostracods occurred more than 1% of total zooplankton. Copepods were not abundant at stations salps and euphausiids were dominant. Salpa thompsoni, Euphausia superba, Calanoides acutus, Metridia gerlachei and Calanus propinquus were dominant depending on the stations. The hierarchical UPGMA cluster analysis of dissimilarities between sampling stations is displayed with clusters identified similar habitats. Copepods rarely appeared in the clusters 4 and 5, and they appeared a ffw in the cluster 3 (or salps were numerous), while copepods were abundant in the clusters 1 and 2. As in the results of cluster analysis, the distributions of dominant taxa have a well identified correspondence to the geological positions included physical factors.

Assessment of Ocean Surface Current Forecasts from High Resolution Global Seasonal Forecast System version 5 (고해상도 기후예측시스템의 표층해류 예측성능 평가)

  • Lee, Hyomee;Chang, Pil-Hun;Kang, KiRyong;Kang, Hyun-Suk;Kim, Yoonjae
    • Ocean and Polar Research
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    • v.40 no.3
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    • pp.99-114
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    • 2018
  • In the present study, we assess the GloSea5 (Global Seasonal Forecasting System version 5) near-surface ocean current forecasts using globally observed surface drifter dataset. Annual mean surface current fields at 0-day forecast lead time are quite consistent with drifter-derived velocity fields, and low values of root mean square (RMS) errors distributes in global oceans, except for regions of high variability, such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Kuroshio, and Gulf Stream. Moreover a comparison with the global high-resolution forecasting system, HYCOM (Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model), signifies that GloSea5 performs well in terms of short-range surface-current forecasts. Predictions from 0-day to 4-week lead time are also validated for the global ocean and regions covering the main ocean basins. In general, the Indian Ocean and tropical regions yield relatively high RMS errors against all forecast lead times, whilst the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans show low values. RMS errors against forecast lead time ranging from 0-day to 4-week reveal the largest increase rate between 0-day and 1-week lead time in all regions. Correlation against forecast lead time also reveals similar results. In addition, a strong westward bias of about $0.2m\;s^{-1}$ is found along the Equator in the western Pacific on the initial forecast day, and it extends toward the Equator of the eastern Pacific as the lead time increases.

Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a Cold-Adapted Lipase Gene from an Antarctic Deep-Sea Psychrotrophic Bacterium, Psychrobacter sp. 7195

  • Zhang, Jinwei;Lin, Shu;Zeng, Runying
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.604-610
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    • 2007
  • A psychrotrophic strain 7195 showing extracellular lipolytic activity towards tributyrin was isolated from deep-sea sediment of Prydz Bay and identified as a Psychrobacter species. By screening a genomic DNA library of Psychrobacter sp. 7195, an open reading frame of 954 bp coding for a lipase gene, lipA1, was identified, cloned, and sequenced. The deduced LipA1 consisted of 317 amino acids with a molecular mass of 35,210 kDa. It had one consensus motif, G-N-S-M-G (GXSXG), containing the putative active-site serine, which was conserved in other cold-adapted lipolytic enzymes. The recombinant LipA1 was purified by column chromatography with DEAE Sepharose CL-4B, and Sephadex G-75, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in sequence. The purified enzyme showed highest activity at $30^{\circ}C$, and was unstable at temperatures higher than $30^{\circ}C$, indicating that it was a typical cold-adapted enzyme. The optimal pH for activity was 9.0, and the enzyme was stable between pH 7.0-10.0 after 24h incubation at $4^{\circ}C$. The addition of $Ca^{2+}\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ enhanced the enzyme activity of LipA1, whereas the $Cd^{2+},\;Zn^{2+},\;CO^{2+},\;Fe^{3+},\;Hg^{2+},\;Fe^{2+},\;Rb^{2+}$, and EDTA strongly inhibited the activity. The LipA1 was activated by various detergents, such as Triton X-100, Tween 80, Tween 40, Span 60, Span 40, CHAPS, and SDS, and showed better resistance towards them. Substrate specificity analysis showed that there was a preference for trimyristin and p-nitrophenyl myristate $(C_{14}\;acyl\; groups)$.

A Basic Study on the Criteria of Immersion Suits for Fishing Vessels Engaged in Coastal and Inshore Fisheries (연근해 어선에 대한 방수복 비치기준 개정을 위한 기초연구)

  • KIM, Ki-Sun;CHO, Jang-Won;HAN, Se-Hyun;LEE, Chang-Hee
    • Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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    • v.28 no.6
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    • pp.1581-1590
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    • 2016
  • In order to reduce the risk of death from hypothermia for the fishing vessel's crew at sea, this paper suggests that the criteria of equipment of fishing vessels should be revised for fishing vessels engaged in coastal and inshore fisheries to be equipped with the immersion suit. The criteria of equipment of fishing vessels for immersion suits was amended to reflect the sinking of No.501 Oryongho but it was only reflected in ocean fisheries at Bering sea and Antarctic ocean that immersion suits must be provided with the same number of the total number of crew on board. Therefore, this paper analyses the relationship between maritime accident of fishing vessels and weather condition based on sea water temperature to find out the risk of hypothermia and also compares the international conventions(SFV Protocol 1993, Cape Town Agreement 2012, STCW-F 1995 and SOLAS 1974) and domestic law concerning criteria of equipment of fishing vessels. As a result, fishing vessels engaged in coastal and inshore fisheries are exposed to the risk of hypothermia when they are in distress and the criteria of equipment of fishing vessels should be amended to provide the immersion suits in accordance with the revision trend of international conventions.

Analysis of Annual Variability of Landfast Sea Ice near Jangbogo Antarctic Station Using InSAR Coherence Images (InSAR 긴밀도 영상을 이용한 남극 장보고기지 인근 정착해빙의 연간 변화 분석)

  • Han, Hyangsun;Kim, Yeonchun;Jin, Hyorim;Lee, Hoonyol
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.31 no.6
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    • pp.501-512
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    • 2015
  • Landfast sea ice (LFI) in Terra Nova Bay, East Antarctica where the Jangbogo Antarctic Research Station is located, has significant influences on marine ecosystem and the sailing of an icebreaker. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the spatio-temporal variation of the LFI in Terra Nova Bay. In this study, we chose interferometric pairs with the temporal baseline from 1 to 9 days out of a total of 62 COSMO-SkyMed synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images over Terra Nova Bay obtained from December 2010 to January 2012, and then constructed the coherence image of each pair. The LFI showed coherence values higher than 0.3 even in the interferometric SAR (InSAR) pairs of up to 9-days of temporal baseline. This was because the LFI was fixed at coastline and thus showed low temporal phase decorrelation. Based on the characteristics of the coherence on LFI, We defined the areas of LFI that show spatially homogeneous coherence values higher than 0.5. Pack ice (PI) and open water showed low coherence values due to large temporal phase decorreation caused by current and wind. Distinguishing PI from open water in the coherence images was difficult due to their similarly low coherence values. PI was identified in SAR amplitude images by investigating cracks on the ice. The extents of the LFI and PI were estimated from the coherence and SAR amplitude images and their temporal variations were analyzed. The extent of the LFI increased from March to July (maximum extent of $170.7km^2$) and decreased from October. The extent of the PI increased from February to May and decreased from May to July when the LFI increases dramatically. The extent of the LFI and air temperature showed an inverse correlation with a time lag of about 2 months, i.e., the extent of the LFI decreases after 2 months of the increase in the air temperature. Meanwhile the correlation between wind speed and the extent of the LFI was very low. This represents that the extent of LFI in Terra Nova Bay are influenced more by the air temperature than wind speed.

Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Variation over King Sejong Station in Antarctic under the Solar Minimum Condition Between 2005 and 2009

  • Chung, Jong-Kyun;Jee, Geon-Hwa;Lee, Chi-Na
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.305-310
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    • 2011
  • The total electron content (TEC) using global positioning system (GPS) is analyzed to see the characteristics of ionosphere over King Sejong station (KSJ, geographic latitude $62^{\circ}13'S$, longitude $58^{\circ}47'W$, corrected geomagnetic latitude $48^{\circ}S$) in Antarctic. The GPS operational ratio during the observational period between 2005 and 2009 is 90.1%. The annual variation of the daily mean TEC decreases from January 2005 to February 2009, but increase from the June 2009. In summer (December-February), the seasonal mean TEC values have the maximum of 26.2 ${\pm}$ 2.4 TEC unit (TECU) in 2005 and the minimum of 16.5 ${\pm}$ 2.8 TECU in 2009, and the annual differences decrease from 3.0 TECU (2005-2006) to 1.4 TECU (2008-2009). However, on November 2010, it significantly increases to 22.3 ${\pm}$ 2.8 TECU which is up to 5.8 TECU compared with 2009 in summer. In winter (June-August), the seasonal mean TEC slightly decreases from 13.7 ${\pm}$ 4.5 TECU in 2005 to 8.9 ${\pm}$ 0.6 TECU in 2008, and the annual difference is constantly about 1.6 TECU, and increases to 10.3 ${\pm}$ 1.8 TECU in 2009. The annual variations of diurnal amplitude show the seasonal features that are scattered in summer and the enhancements near equinoxes are apparent in the whole years. In contrast, the semidiurnal amplitudes show the disturbed annual peaks in winter and its enhancements near equinoxes are unapparent. The diurnal phases are not constant in winter and show near 12 local time (LT). The semidiurnal phases have a seasonal pattern between 00 LT and 06 LT. Consequently, the KSJ GPS TEC variations show the significant semidiurnal variation in summer from December to February under the solar minimum between 2005 and 2009. The feature is considered as the Weddell Sea anomaly of larger nighttime electron density than a daytime electron density that has been observed around the Antarctica peninsula.

Estimation of Sediment Provenance Using Clay Mineral Composition in the Central Basin of the Ross Sea Continental Margin, Antarctica (남극 로스해 대륙주변부 중앙분지의 점토광물 조성을 통한 기원 추적)

  • Ha, Sangbeom;Khim, Boo-Keun;Colizza, Ester;Giglio, Federico;Koo, Hyojin;Cho, Hyen Goo
    • Ocean and Polar Research
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.265-274
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    • 2019
  • To trace the provenance of fine-grained sediments in response to the growth and retreat of glaciers (i.e., Ross Ice Sheet) that affects the depositional process, various kinds of analyses including magnetic susceptibility, granulometry, and clay mineral composition with AMS 14C age dating were carried out using a gravity core KI-13-GC2 obtained from the Central Basin of the Ross Sea continental margin. The sediments mostly consist of silty mud to sand with ice-rafted debris, the sediment colors alternate repeatedly between light brown and gray, and the sedimentary structures are almost bioturbated with some faint laminations. Among the fine-grained clay mineral compositions, illite is highest (59.1-76.2%), followed by chlorite (12.4-21.4%), kaolinite (4.1-11.6%), and smectite (1.2-22.6%). Illite and chlorite originated from the Transantarctic mountains (metamorphic rocks and granitic rocks) situated to the south of the Ross Sea. Kaolinite might be supplied from the sedimentary rocks of Antarctic continent underneath the ice sheet. The provenance of smectite was considered as McMurdo volcanic group around the Victoria Land in the western part of the Ross Sea. Chlorite content was higher and smectite content was lower during the glacial periods, although illite and kaolinite contents are almost consistent between the glacial and interglacial periods. The glacial increase of chlorite content may be due to more supply of the reworked continental shelf sediments deposited during the interglacial periods to the Central Basin. On the contrary, the glacial decrease of smectite content may be attributed to less transport from the McMurdo volcanic group to the Central Basin due to the advanced ice sheet. Although the source areas of the clay minerals in the Central Basin have not changed significantly between the interglacial and glacial periods, the transport pathways and delivery mechanism of the clay minerals were different between the glacial and interglacial periods in response to the growth and retreat of Ross Ice Sheet in the Ross Sea.