• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.188-200
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• 2000

On the basis of the Landsat TM scenes with 15 year's time differences, the topographic maps with 50 years differences, and the air photos with 25 years differences, we carried out the field survey for geology and forestry and analyzed the topographical change and the variation of the forest resource in Anmyundo. In terms of the discrimination of forest trees in Anmyumdo, the NDVI with larger than 0.5 in the winter season is the indicator of the surface of the pine tree land-cover. The peak values of NDVI appear on the surface of the pine aging 30 through 50 years and decrease a little and grossly stabilized over the more aging trees. The distinction of the deciduous forest and grass land from the pine tree was capable with the correlation with the abrupt seasonal variation of NDVI and the surface aspect. The great change of topography is detected in the region Changgiri due to the continuous tidal erosion since the canal construction about 370 years ago and along the all around coast of Anmyundo due to the reclamation for the paddy field. The surface area of the pine tree land-cover in Anmyundo was estimated 35.91 km$^2$ in 1986 and 33.15 km$^2$ in 1993, which is originated from the grassland development in the southeastern part of Anmyundo where the pine tree dominated by 1986. In the northen part of Anmyundo the surface area of the pine land-cover increased a little in 1993 comparing to 1986.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.35-46
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• 1999

For the purpose of building up the future direction for the development and usage of Anmyundo, this paper is intended to collect the basic sources of Anmyundo and to analyze the consciousness of its development direction, which was surveyed on local residents and visitors. The result shows that local residents are not fully satisfied with its environment(59.6 point), but natural environment(74.2 point) turns out the most influential factor of satisfaction and living environment(66.0 point), social economic environment(48.1 point) follow the next. Satisfied with its natural environment which includes good scenery and a lot of environment resources, residents and visitors are discontented with living environment and social economic environment. In terms of "development" and "conservation", the responses of residents are clearly divided into both sides in the same level by each 27.7%. On the other hand, visitors support "conservation"(36.8%) rather than "development"(22.8%) and prefer to keep its present natural environment as a environment study place and rest area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.27-34
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to suggest the vegetation structure and management plan of forests at Anmyundo. Sixteen plot were established in the forests and surveyed. The plant communities were classified into three community type, which were Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community. It was hypothesized that Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community will be changed to Quercus Spp. community. The vegetation management for successional controls on long-term basis was suggested. Dominant trees were mid-size trees(21~30year-old and DBH 18~28cm), and large trees(over DBH 30cm) appeared only at the Recreation Forest and Kuksabong. Anmyundo forests should be managed with a priority given to Pinus densifolra. Forest trees should be planted in consideration of environmental conditions and Pinus densifolra densities.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1421-1430
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• 2010

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in seawater and marine sediment from Anmyundo coastal area after oil spill. The concentrations of total PAHs in surface and bottom of seawater at August were 31.1 to 142.6 ng/L and 5.9 to 50.9 ng/L in August and November, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs in sediment were 21.0 to 102.9 ng/g D.W. and 32.3 to 57.4 ng/g D.W. in August and November, respectively. PAHs concentrations in seawater and sediment in August were higher than those in November about 2.5 and 1.4 times, respectively. Diagnostic ratio (PhA/AnT and FluA/Pyr) were investigated to identify source of PAHs in seawater and sediment. The PAHs in seawater originated from pyrolytic source and those in sediment originated from pyrolytic and petrogenic source. The glass, wood and coal origin was higher than petroleum origin on the combustion origin of PAHs in seawater and sediment. The seawater of Anmyundo costal area recovered from oil spill, but the sediments of that were weakly influenced by oil spill until now. Because this area is developed many fishing grounds, demanded Long Term Environmental Monitoring Program (LTEMP). The concentrations of PAHs on depth of sediments were investigated at station 8 and 10. The concentrations of PAHs were decreased with increasing depth.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2006

We evaluated the utility of applying isozyme analysis and two tagging methods, visible implant fluorescent elastomer (VIE) injection and uropod-cutting, to monitor the effects of releasing nursery-reared fleshy prawn (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) into natural habitat in Korea. One hundred thousand farmed prawns (70 mm long) were tagged by clipping off the outer left uropod and injecting them with VIE. This marked seed population was released at Muchangpo, Korea, on 11 and 19 July 2002. Two months later, total catch and catch per unit effort (CPUE) at three locations (Hongwon, Muchangpo, and Anmyundo) were determined. Total catch and CPUE increased nearly 18% over the previous year in Hongwon and Muchangpo. The mixing rate, estimated by uropod regeneration pattern, was 0.33% at Hongwon, 0.53% at Muchangpo, and 0.21% at Anmyundo. The recapture rate was about 3.5%. Isozyme analysis confirmed that the mixing rate was highest at Muchangpo. Moreover, fleshy prawns from Muchangpo were genetically most related to the seed population, indicating that the released prawns had largely remained near the released site. We also confirmed that isozyme genes are valuable as genetic markers for qualitative analyses of a released seed population.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2012

Mean background concentrations of greenhouse gases such as $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ were estimated on Ulleungdo using PICARRO Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) analyzer. To improve the accuracy of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ concentrations, a standardized QA${\cdot}$QC (Quality Assurance Quality Control) procedure was employed with three steps: 1) the inspection procedure of physical limitation (e.g. the exclusion of data corresponding to the number of data of ${\leq}$50%) for hourly mean values, 2) a stage inspection (e.g. the use of data corresponding to ${\geq}15$ observations per day) for daily mean values, and 3) a fast fourier transform (FFT) analysis using curve-fitting methods for the investigation of climatic characteristics. The monthly mean concentrations of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ derived from three-step QA${\cdot}$QC procedure were then compared with those observed at Anmyundo (Korea) and Ryori (Japan). Overall, the error of mean $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ concentrations estimated in this study distinctly decreased. However, in comparison with their concentrations monitored at Ryori, the $CO_2$ concentration at estimated at Ulleungdo is soemwhat lower than that of Anmyundo due to the missing data, which is statistically significant. On the other hand, the former has a statistically significant higher value of $CH_4$ that of the latter.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.257-262
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• 2002

Numerical model introduced in this study combines wave refraction-diffraction, breaking, bottom friction, lateral mixing, and critical shear stress and three sub-models for simulating waves, currents, and bottom change were briefly discussed. Simulations of beach processes and harbor sedimentation were also described at the coast neighboring Bangpo Harbor, Anmyundo, Chungnam, where the area has suffered from accumulation of drifting sand in a small fishing harbor with a wide tidal range. We also made model test for the case of a narrow tidal range at Nakdong river's estuary area to understand the effect of water level variation on the littoral drift. Simulations are conducted in terms of incident wave direction and tidal level. Characteristics of wave transformation, nearshore current, sediment transport, and bottom change are shown and analyzed. We found from the simulation that the tidal level impact to the sediment transport is very important and we should apply the numerical model with different water level to analyze sediment transport mechanism correctly. Although the model study gave reasonable description of beach processes and harbor sedimentation mechanism, it is necessary to collect lots of field observation data, including waves, tides and bottom materials, etc. for better prediction.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.57-74
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• 2001

In the past, the predictions of beach processes and harbor sedimentation were mainly relied on the hydraulic model tests and empirical methods. In recent years, however, as computers have come into wide use, more accurate models have gradually been developed and thus replaced those conventional methods. For prediction of topographical change near the coastal area, we need informations of wave and current conditions in the numerical model which should be calculated in advance. Numerical model introduced in this study combines wave refraction-diffraction, breaking, bottom friction, lateral mixing, and critical shear stress and three sub-models for simulating waves, currents, and bottom change were briefly discussed. Simulations of beach processes and harbor sedimentation were also described at the coast neighboring Bangpo Harbor, Anmyundo, Chungnam, where the area has suffered accumulation of drifting sand in a small fishing harbor with a wide tidal range. We also made model test for the new layout of the harbor and planned south breakwater for preventing intrusion of sand. Although the model study gave reasonable description of beach processes and harbor sedimentation mechanism, it is necessary to collect lots of field observation data, including waves, tides and bottom materials, etc. for better prediction.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 2012

Vaccinium oldhami Miq. is a Korean native tree, which is deciduous and shrub tree with broad leaf. It grows 1~4m in height generally. Ecologically, this tree grows well in shady place even in barren soil. Also, the tree has resistance to cold and dry, which tend to form a little community. This research investigates quantitative morphological characteristics of leaf and fruit among the V. oldhami in South Korea and then considers its relationship on the basis of raw data among the 10 populations. This study will give us invaluable information about growing conditions, reasonable management and breeding by selection of V. oldhami in South Korea. The main results obtained from this study are summarized as follows; Leaf size of Mudeung population was larger than other populations. Naebyeon population was smaller in size of the leaf than other populations. Anmyeondo population was larger in fruit characteristics compared with other populations and Deogyu population was the smallest among populations. According to cluster analysis based on the leaf and fruit morphological characteristics, the natural V. oldhami populations were classified into four groups such as the first group of Kumo population, the second group of Mudeung population, the third group of Anmyundo, Daedun, Doolyun population and the fourth group of the other five populations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1041-1050
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• 2009

The ambient temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide in Gwangju and the reducing method of temperature, air pollutants were investigated using the atmospheric data in Gwangju. Average ambient temperature ($T_{a-ave}$ was $13.5^{\circ}C$ during 1961 to 2008. The temperature was predicted as increasing of about $2.7^{\circ}C$ in 2108 after 100 years using the trend line of regression equation. Carbon dioxide was 370.7 and 391.4 ppm at Anmyundo, in 1999 and 2008, respectively, showing proportionally increased as ambient temperature. The temperature at Gwangju, $14.2^{\circ}C$ during 1997 to 2008, was a little higher than at neighboring counties as Naju, Damyang, Hwasoon, and Jangsung. In Gwangju, Spring will start in mid-January of 2108, Summer in mid-May, Autumn in mid-October, and Winter in last-December. The average relative humidity in the air ($RH_{a-ave}$) was gradually decreased as the temperature inversely increased. The average $CO_2$ was 457 ppm, which is 65.6 ppm higher than that in Anmyundo, korean background area of $CO_2$ in 2008. Carbon dioxide showed positive correlation, both of them, with carbon monoxide (0.87) and relative humidity (0.48).