• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.151-155
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• 1978

General components and detergency of commercial shampoos have been investigated and the results are summerized in the following. Shampoos were analyzed for surfactants and additives by KS method and surfactants were confirmed by T.L.C. Considerable differences in amounts of non volatiles and surfactants were found. Three of them contain either lanoline or sterols as additives and in the three. propylene glycol was found in their liquid part. It was shown that predominant sufactant was anionic and in all, except one. a little ampholytic surfactant was detected. But, contrary to forecast, in only one a little of non ionic surfactant was detected. Detergency of shampoos was examined using artificially soiled wool muslin. Considerable difference was found, and all shampoos showed higher detergency than a synthetic powder type detergent for textiles. There were no significant correlation between detergency and amount of surfactants or suspending power of detergents.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.308-311
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• 1988

The hydrophobic interaction occurring between rhodamine 6G and tetraphenylborate was investigated spectroscopically by varying the medium with the addition of surfactants or ethanol. The ion aggregates formed between the two ions were destroyed by the additives. The dye existed as monomeric species in the presence of a cationic surfactant whereas it was incorporated with anionic and nonionic surfactants. For the complete dissociation more than the critical micelle concentration (cmc) was required with a nonionic surfactant while less than cmc was necessary with the others.

• Clean Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2006

Aqueous cleaning agents which are considered to be environmental-friendly and promising alternative ones among various industrial cleaning agents were evaluated in this words. In order to formulate aqueous cleaning agents, primary alcohol ethoxylates with 3, 5 and 7 moles of ethylene oxides among nonionic surfactants were selected as main surfactants. And anionic surfactants and alcohols were chosen as their cosurfactants. Builders such as NaOH, KOH, $Na_2CO_3$ and $NaHCO_3$ were also evaluated as additives for improvement of cleaning efficiency of aqueous cleaning agents. The experimental results of cleaning ability tests show that introduction of anionic surfactant TLS as cosurfactant in alcohol ethoxylate-based aqueous solution gives the best cleaning efficiency for removing mixed soil of cutting oil and grease. NaOH and $Na_2CO_3$ are also shown to play an important role for improvement of cleaning efficiency in a aqueous cleaning agent.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2014

Guar gum is added to the pulp suspension at the suction side of the fan pump just before the sheet is formed on either a fourdrinier or cylinder machine. Guar gum replaced and supplements these hemicelluloses in paper bonding with many advantages, which include improved sheet formation with a more random distribution of pulp fibers. But, guar gum has serious storage problem. This material has easily decayed after High-temperature conditions such as summer. In this study, various properties of cotton handsheet were measured to solve the problem of deformation while storing guar gum and to improve the durability. After aging, which is one of the durability tests, cotton handsheet with 0.2% and 0.3% of A-PAM showed improved mechanical properties and bursting index and folding endurance of cotton handsheet with 0.3% of A-PAM were similar to those with guar gum. The yellowness loss of cotton handsheet with synthetic polymers was lower than those with guar gum.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.47-53
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• 2010

It is important to utilize the citrus sludge in terms of the reuse of waste materials in the manufacture of corrugated medium. Especially, the mandarin industry occupies the first place in Jeju province. In this paper, the application of citrus sludge mixed with KOCC recycled fibers into the manufacture of corrugated medium was studied. The citrus sludge was acidic in pH value. Also, the constituents of citrus sludge contain some short fibers, fines, and mucus which contain flavonoids, pectins and so on. In papermaking application, these components cause some troubles like foams, bad smell, fouling on the paper machine, and bad drainage and web breaks of wet web. The strength properties of handsheets prepared from KOCC and citrus sludge was decreased, compare to handsheets made of only KOCC. To compensate the problems on strength properties, some kinds of additives were tried to apply into papermaking wet-end system in laboratory scale. As a result, mixing conditions of alum, starch and anionic additives showed the best options in the recovery of strength properties and formations of corrugated medium.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2017

Sulfated polysaccharides are known to be immune-stimulators in mammals and can be used as food additives to enhance immunity. In this study, the immune-stimulating activity of water-soluble anionic macromolecules F₂ fractionation isolated from Codium fragile using ion-exchange chromatography was tested in olive flounder, Paralichythys olivaceus, in vitro and in vivo. The gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1β was adopted to check the immune-affection. As a result, in vitro study revealed that the expression of IL-1β was significantly upregulated in head kidney cells by 1 and 5 ㎍/ml of polysaccharides 4 h and by 5 ㎍/ml of polysaccharides at 24 h. In vivo, IL-1β gene expression in head kidney was significantly upregulated by 20 and 100 ㎍ of the polysaccharides at day 1 post-i.p. injection, while downregulated at day 3 but not significant. Meanwhile, in peritoneal cells, it was upregulated by 20 ㎍ of the polysaccharides at day 1 but the upregulation was sustained until day 3 though it was not significant. These results indicate that the sulfated polysaccharides from C. fragile are an immune-stimulator and might be potential feed additives for olive flounder.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.37 no.4 s.112
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• pp.26-31
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to confirm paper strengthening properties with recently commercialized polyvinylamine. Because of its high cationic charge density, polyvinylamine has been investigated as a size retention and surface coating aids. In this study, we tried to confirm polyvinylamine as wet-end additives to improve dry and wet strength using LBKP and BCTMP pulps. As a result, we found improvement of dry and wet tensile properties of polyvinylamine with BCTMP were much better than LBKP condition. This phenomena could be explained that ionic bonding of cationic charge of polyvinylamine with abundant anionic substances of BCTMP was a very important factor to improve dry and wet strength of paper.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.15-34
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• 2004

Diverse benefits such as reduction of fresh water consumption and effluent discharge, efficient use of raw materials and energy savings can be obtained by papermaking system closure. Closure of papermaking processes, however, causes many problems including reduction of the efficiency of additives, decrease of retention and dewatering, felt plugging, poor Paper quality, generation of slime and odor, poor vacuum efficiency, etc, and it has been recognized that accumulation of Inorganic and organic substances in the process white water is the prime cause of these problems. Therefore, technological developments for preventing accumulation of these detrimental substances are urgently required for Implementing papermaking system closure. Understanding of the accumulation phenomena of the inorganic and organic substances in the papermaking process white water is prerequisite for papermaking system closure. In this study a process simulation method was used to analyze the accumulation phenomena of anionic starch In the process white water as the closure level of a fine paper making process is increased. A pilot paper machine was used as a model process. Starch adsorption and desorption models were developed based on the concept of starch adsorption ratio, which was not considered in previous studies. Steady state simulation studies were carried out based on this model using a commercial simulator. In steady state simulation, the variation of dissolved starch concentration in each process unit was monitored as a function of white water usage for wire shower. The result of the steady state simulation showed that dissolved starch concentration and its increase ratio in Process units increased as white water usage ratio for wire shower increased.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 2007

Using a reference slurry, ammonium dodecyl sulfate (ADS), an anionic and environmentally friendly surfactant, was investigated as an alternative to BTA for its inhibition and lubrication characteristics. Results demonstrated that the inhibition efficiency of ADS was superior to that of BTA. Coefficient of friction (COF) was the lowest when the slurry contained ADS. This suggested that adsorbed ADS on the surface provided lubricating action thereby reducing the wear between the contacting surfaces. Temperature results were consistent with the COF and removal rate data. ADS showed the lowest temperature rise again confirming the softening effect of the adsorbed surfactant layer and less energy dissipation due to friction. Spectral analysis of shear force showed that increasing the pad-wafer sliding velocity at constant wafer pressure shifted the high frequency spectral peaks to lower frequencies while increasing the variance of the frictional force. Addition of ADS reduced the fluctuating component of the shear force and the extent of the pre-existing stick-slip phenomena caused by the kinematics of the process and collision event between pad asperities with the wafer. By contrast, in the case of BTA, there were no such observed benefits but instead undesirable effects were seen at some polishing conditions. This work underscored the importance of real-time force spectroscopy in elucidating the adsorption, lubrication and inhibition of additives in slurries in CMP.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.28-34
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• 1998

Polyvinyl acetate emulsion has been widely used as adhesives for wood and paper, paint additives and binders for fiber, leather, and other materials because it is an excellent adhesive with many advantages including low in toxicity risks and manufacturing cost. It is expected the consumption of polyvinyl acetate emulsion as adhesives will increase in cigarette industry as well as in paperboard coating industry. Recently the operation speed of the cigarette tip wrapper increased so substantially that improvement of the emulsion properties is required including good wet tack development, narrow and controlled particle size distribution, low viscosity, etc. In this study the effects of such polymerization conditions as the type and amount of emulsifier, internal or external plasticizing, and emulsification methods on the viscosity and particle size of polyvinyl acetate emulsions were examined. Results showed that polyvinyl alcohol with a high degree of hydrolysis and low molecular weight and nonionic surfactants are superior to anionic surfactant in improving adhesion and emulsion stability. They also tend to produce emulsions with smaller particle size. External plasticization with dipropylene glycol dibenzoate was more effective in improving flexibility than internal plasticization with butyl acrylate. Monomer emulsification under high shear was more effective in decreasing the particle size.