• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.147-157
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to research domestic and foreign trend of pharmacopuncture treatment on obesity during recent 10 years. Methods: 5 Databases (Korean Studies Information Service System, Research Information Sharing Service, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, Scopus, PubMed) were searched with keywords of ('pharmacopuncture', 'herbal acupuncture', 'aquapuncture', 'obesity') from 2012 to 2022. Results: 25 Articles were selected and analyzed. 15 articles (60%) were animal experimentations, 8 articles (32%) were case reports, 1 article (4%) was cell experimentation, and 1 article (4%) was clinical trial. In this study, 25 articles were analyzed by subject, acupoints, injections, metrics and results. Pharmacopuncture treatment for obesity is continuously being studied, and the anti-inflammatory effect as well as the effect of reducing obesity factors has been revealed. Conclusions: This study suggests the efficacy and future development of pharmacopuncture for obesity. The studies of the past decade have been concentrated on animal experiments, so many clinical trials and various studies on new complex pharmacopuncture for obesity are expected.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.479-495
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• 2022

Purpose: Rodent models have emerged as an alternative to established larger animal models for peri-implantitis research. However, the construct validity of rodent models is controversial due to a lack of consensus regarding their histological, morphological, and biochemical characteristics. This systematic review sought to validate rodent models by characterizing their morphological changes, particularly marginal bone loss (MBL), a hallmark of peri-implantitis. Methods: This review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search was performed electronically using MEDLINE (PubMed), and Embase, identifying pre-clinical studies reporting MBL after experimental peri-implantitis induction in rodents. Each study's risk of bias was assessed using the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk of bias tool. A meta-analysis was performed for the difference in MBL, comparing healthy implants to those with experimental peri-implantitis. Results: Of the 1,014 unique records retrieved, 23 studies that met the eligibility criteria were included. Peri-implantitis was induced using 4 methods: ligatures, lipopolysaccharide, microbial infection, and titanium particles. Studies presented high to unclear risks of bias. During the osseointegration phase, 11.6% and 6.4%-11.3% of implants inserted in mice and rats, respectively, had failed to osseointegrate. Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis of the linear MBL measured using micro-computed tomography. Following experimental peri-implantitis, the MBL was estimated to be 0.25 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14-0.36 mm) in mice and 0.26 mm (95% CI, 0.19-0.34 mm) in rats. The resulting peri-implant MBL was circumferential, consisting of supra- and infrabony components. Conclusions: Experimental peri-implantitis in rodent models results in circumferential MBL, with morphology consistent with the clinical presentation of peri-implantitis. While rodent models are promising, there is still a need to further characterize their healing potentials, standardize experiment protocols, and improve the reporting of results and methodology.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 2020

Objectives While sciatic neuropathy is one of the common symptoms which have the lifetime incidence of 13~40%, still there is no consensus about the standardized and the most effective conservative treatment. In addition, the importance of systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical are growing as they could suggest possible effective treatment strategy for future studies. Therefore, we conducted systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate analgesic effect of acupuncture on sciatica in rat models. Methods Systematic search was conducted for all controlled comparative preclinical trials which assessed analgesic effect of acupuncture in sciatica rat models. Database of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CNKI and 6 Korean databases were used. The primary outcome was pain, which is evaluated by stimulus behavior tests in rat models. We assessed the methodological quality with Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation's risk of bias tool. RevMan 5.3 was used for meta-analysis and subgroup analysis was conducted according to treatment site, acupuncture point, treatment period and frequency used in electroacupuncture. Results 14 studies were finally included following our inclusion criteria. The data from meta-analysis indicated that the acupuncture significantly improved the result values of behavior tests for pain evaluation, compared to no-treatment control group in animal models (standardized mean difference=4.43, 95% confidence interval 3.16 to 5.69, Z=6.84, p<0.00001; χ²=68.02, p<0.00001; I²=82%). The results of subgroup analysis indicate that acupuncture treatment of unilateral site, distal acupoints, longer treatment period and applying 2/100 Hz frequency in electroacupuncture could be more effective. Conclusions Systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies are getting important for the future clinical studies and the improvement of heatlh care. Therefore the results of the study would provide evidence and better design for the forthcoming studies.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.313-319
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• 2015

3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) are not only produced in the manufacturing process of foodstuffs such as hydrolyzed vegetable proteins and soy sauce but are also formed by heat processing in the presence of fat and low water activity. 3-MCPD exists both in free and ester forms, and the ester form has been also detected in various foods. Free 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP are classified as Group 2B by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Although there is no data confirming the toxicity of either compound in humans, their toxicity was evidenced in animal experimentation or in vitro. Although few studies have been conducted, free 3-MCPD has been shown to have neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity. In contrast, 1,3-DCP only has mutagenic activity. The purpose of this study was to analyze 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP in various foods using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP were analyzed using phenyl boronic acid derivatization and the liquid-liquid extraction method, respectively. The analytical method for 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP was validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation, accuracy and precision. Consequently, the LODs of 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP in various matrices were identified to be in the ranges of 4.18~10.56 ng/g and 1.06~3.15 ng/g, respectively.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.209-216
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• 2020

Background Perforator flaps have led to a revolution in reconstructive surgery by reducing donor site morbidity. However, many surgeons have witnessed partial flap necrosis. Experimental methods to increase inflow have relied on adding a separate pedicle to the flap. The aim of our study was to experimentally determine whether increasing blood flow in the perforator pedicle itself could benefit flap survival. Methods In 30 male Lewis rats, an extended posterior thigh perforator flap was elevated and the pedicle was dissected to its origin from the femoral vessels. The rats were assigned to three groups: control (group I), acute inflow (group II) and arterial preconditioning (group III) depending on the timing of ligation of the femoral artery distal to the site of pedicle emergence. Digital planimetry was performed on postoperative day (POD) 7 and all flaps were monitored using laser Doppler flowmetry perioperatively and postoperatively in three regions (P1-proximal flap, P2-middle of the flap, P3-distal flap). Results Digital planimetry showed the highest area of survival in group II (78.12%±8.38%), followed by groups III and I. The laser Doppler results showed statistically significant higher values in group II on POD 7 for P2 and P3. At P3, only group II recorded an increase in the flow on POD 7 in comparison to POD 1. Conclusions Optimization of arterial inflow, regardless if performed acutely or as preconditioning, led to increased flap survival in a rat perforator flap model.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.94-100
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of physical and chemical surface factors on in vivo bone responses by comparing chemically modified hydrophilic sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (modSLA) and anodically oxidized hydrophobic implant surfaces. Methods: Five modSLA implants and five anodized implants were inserted into the tibiae of five New Zealand white rabbits (one implant for each tibia). The characteristics of each surface were determined using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy before the installation. The experimental animals were sacrificed after 1 week of healing and histologic slides were prepared from the implant-tibial bone blocks removed from the animals. Histomorphometric analyses were performed on the light microscopic images, and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area (BA) ratios were measured. Nonparametric comparison tests were applied to find any significant differences (P<0.05) between the modSLA and anodized surfaces. Results: The roughness of the anodized surface was $1.22{\pm}0.17{\mu}m$ in Sa, which was within the optimal range of $1.0-2.0{\mu}m$ for a bone response. The modSLA surface was significantly rougher at $2.53{\pm}0.07{\mu}m$ in Sa. However, the modSLA implant had significantly higher BIC than the anodized implant (P=0.02). Furthermore, BA ratios did not significantly differ between the two implants, although the anodized implant had a higher mean value of BA (P>0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the hydrophilicity of the modSLA surface may have a stronger effect on in vivo bone healing than optimal surface roughness and surface chemistry of the anodized surface.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.178-183
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the possible paracrine effect of bone morphogeneticprotein-2 (BMP-2) at the experimental site on the adjacent control site for validating a rabbit calvarial defect model as a means of verifying the effect of BMP-2. Methods: Sixteen rabbits were divided into two groups (n=8 in each) according to whether or not BMP-2 would be used. Two circular defects (8 mm in diameter) were created side by side, 2 mm apart, in the calvarium of all of the rabbits. In each animal, one of the defects was grafted with either BMP-2-loaded carrier or carrier material alone. The control defects adjacent to these grafted defects, designated CB (the nongrafted defect adjacent BMP-2-loaded carrier-grafted defect) and CC (the nongrafted defect adjacent to carrier only-grafted defect), respectively, were the focus of this study, and were filled only with a blood clot in all of the animals. Histologic observation and histomorphometric analysis were performed at 2 and 8 weeks (n=4 animals per point in time) after surgery. Results: There was no noteworthy difference in the healing pattern, and no statistically significant differences in histomorphometric parameters such as the defect closure, new bone area, or total augmented area between the CC and CB groups. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that rabbit calvarial defects separated by a distance of 2 mm are suitable for evaluating the effects of BMP-2 and the control defect can be regarded not to be affected by BMP-2 applied defect.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 1999

Background : Recently, there are many patients with lipoid pneumonia by ingestion of shark liver oil in Korea, but only a few animal experimentations have been carried out. The purpose of this study is to evaluate sequential change of the lung after aspiration of shark liver oil and to provide the radiologic-pathologic correlation. Methods: A single intratracheal administration of shark liver oil was given to 14 white rabbits. They were then sacrificed sequentially from 1 week to 6 weeks after injection. We investigated the HRCT and pathologic findings Results: One was sudden death immediately after injection. Six of the 13 rabbits showed pneumonic infiltrations on the HRCT. There were air space consolidation with air-bronchogram on the HRCT of the first week. They were associated with the volume loss in the 4th week, and the traction bronchiectasis in the 6th week. The important pathologic findings were peribronchial alveolar inflammation with septal widening and cuboidal metaplasia of the alveolar wall. The number of macrophages in an alveoli was peaked in the second week and then gradually decreased. On the 6th week, we could find the proliferation of fibroblasts. Conclusion: We can prove the development of lipoid pneumonia after aspiration of squalene by animal experimentation, and the understanding of HRCT and pathologic findings may be helpful in proper evaluation of pneumonia due to aspiration of fish-extracted lipid.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.339-355
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• 2024

The pulmonary system is a highly complex system that can only be understood by integrating its functional and structural aspects. Hence, in vivo animal models are generally used for pathological studies of pulmonary diseases and the evaluation of inhalation toxicity. However, to reduce the number of animals used in experimentation and with the consideration of animal welfare, alternative methods have been extensively developed. Notably, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) have agreed to prohibit animal testing after 2030. Therefore, the latest advances in biotechnology are revolutionizing the approach to developing in vitro inhalation models. For example, lung organ-on-a-chip (OoC) and organoid models have been intensively studied alongside advancements in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and microfluidic systems. These modeling systems can more precisely imitate the complex biological environment compared to traditional in vivo animal experiments. This review paper addresses multiple aspects of the recent in vitro modeling systems of lung OoC and organoids. It includes discussions on the use of endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts composed of lung alveoli generated from pluripotent stem cells or cancer cells. Moreover, it covers lung air-liquid interface (ALI) systems, transwell membrane materials, and in silico models using artificial intelligence (AI) for the establishment and evaluation of in vitro pulmonary systems.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 1976

A series of experiment was carried out to study the effect of commonly used dietary fat or oils on the growth, feed efficiency, nutrient utilizability, nitrogen retention and serum cholesterol of rats and chicks fed various fat or oils at the level of 10% during 12 weeks of experimentation. Fat and oils used in this experiment were also analyzed for the composition of some fatty acids. The main observations made are as follows: 1. All groups received fat or oils gained more body weight than unsupplemented control group except chicks fed fish oil and rapeseed oil although no statistical significance was found between treatments. It was found that body weight gain achieved by the rats fed soybean oil, rapeseed oil, animal fat or corn oil was much greater than other group and that achieved by the chicks fed corn oil and animal fat was greater than other vegetable oil groups, although no statistical significance was found among treatments. 2. Feed intake data indicated that corn oil group of both rats and chicks consumed considerably more feed than other groups. Whereas feed intake of fish oil groups was the lowest among the experimental animals indicating that fish oil might contain unfavorable compound that depresses the palatability. In feed efficiency, soybean oil group of rats and corn oil group of chicks were significantly better than other experimental groups. In general, addition of fat or oils in the diet improved feed effeciency of diet. 3. Nutrient utiIizabiIity and nitrogen retention data showed that fat in the experimental diet containing 10% fat or oils was absorbed better than crude fat in control diet. It was also found that there was no significant difference in nitrogen retention among treatment. 4. Liver fat content of rapeseed oil group was much higher than that of control group and other group. It was also noticed that feeding more polyunsaturated fatty acids resulted in higher content of Iiver fat. 5. Present data indicated that serum cholesterol content of rapeseed oil and sesame oil group of rat was the higher than that of control group. Serum cholesterol content of animal fat group of chicks was higher than other group. It was interesting to note that serum cholesterol content of chicken was higher than that of rats?regardless of the kind of oils received. 6. Analytical data revealed that fatty acid composition of vegetable oil was composed mainly of oleic acid and linoleic acid, whereas animal fat and fish oil were composed of saturated fatty acid such as, myristic and palmitic acid. It should be mentionted that the perilla oil contained a very large amount of linolenic acid (58.4%) comparing with that in order vegetable oils. Little arachidonic acid was detected in vegetable oil, whereas none in animal fat and. fish oil.