• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.129-134
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• 2001

Winter bud explants from 15 individual angelica tree (Aralia elata) were cultured in vitro to find out optimal conditions for somatic embryo induction as well as plant regeneration. Calli are induced and grown on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D for 4 weeks and subcultured on a half-strength MS medium without phytohormones to induce somatic embryos. Inter-simple sequence repeat (I-SSR) markers were analyzed with total DNAs extracted from the trees. Genotype effects on somatic embryo induction were examined by cluster analysis. Callus induction rate varied from 58.5 to 100% among the genotypes. Somatic embryo induction rate also greatly varied from 0 to 100% among the genotypes. There was a significant difference in somatic embryo induction rate even among the individual trees that showed close genetic relationships each other. This suggested that somatic embryo induction rate in Aralia elata be influenced by a few major specific genes rather than whole genomic similarity among individual trees. Four individuals of Ulneong-7, Cheju-1, Shingu and China, which are recalcitrant to somatic embryo induction, turned out to have a close genetic relationship, suggesting that both physiological and genetic factors affect somatic embryo induction. The results suggest that genotype selection be the most important factor to achieve an efficient propagation, although cultural optimization through medium and explant manipulation may also play crucial roles in somatic embryogensis as well as plant regeneration of these species.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.133-135
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• 1994

Germination rate of encapsulated somatic embryos shelved significant differences under different concentrations of AgN03. The highest germination rate of 81.2% was found on MS medium withouthormones mixed with 10 mg/1 of AgN03. In vitro vermiculite planted with encapsulated embryostreated with 10 mg/1 of AgN03 induced 24.7% germination rate, and vermiculite planted with encap-sulated embryos treated with 40 mg/1 or 80 mg/1 of AgNO, induced no germination at all.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.493-502
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• 2004

The genetic diversity and species-diagnostic markers in the introduced apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata and in the native Thai apple snails; Pila ampullacea, P. angelica, P. pesmei, and P. polita, were investigated by restriction analysis of COI and are reported for the first time. Twenty-one composite haplotypes showing non-overlapping distributions among species were found. Genetic heterogeneity analysis indicated significant differences between species (P < 0.0001) and within P. pesmei (P < 0.0001) and P. angelica (P < 0.0004). No such heterogeneity was observed in Pomacea canaliculata (P > 0.0036 as modified by the Bonferroni procedure), P. ampullacea (P = 0.0824-1.000) and P. polita (P = 1.0000). A neighbor-joining tree based on genetic distance between pairs of composite haplotypes differentiated all species and indicated that P. angelica and P. pesmei are closely related phylogenetically. In addition, the 16S rDNA of these species was cloned and sequenced. A species-specific PCR for P. canaliculata was successfully developed with a sensitivity of detection of approximately 50 pg of the target DNA template. The amplification of genomic DNA (50 pg and 25 ng) isolated from the fertilized eggs, and juveniles (1, 7, and 15 d after hatching) of Pomacea canaliculata was also successful, and suggested that Pomacea canaliculata and Pila species can be discriminated from the early stages of development.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan Metropolitan City. The result of this study is summarized as follows; As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. The community planting species of tree layer were Pinus thunbergii and Quercus acutissima and Quercus dentata and Quercus serrata and Quercus alienna and Quercus variabilis. The community planting species of subtree layer were Platycarya strobilacea and Prunus sargentii and Styrax japonica and Eurya japonica and Morus bombycis. The community planting species of shrub layer are Ulmus pavifolia and Ulmus davidiana and Lindera obtusiloba and Elaeagnus macrophylla and Mallotus japonicus and Ligustrum obtusifolium and Sorbus alnifolia and Rhus trichocarpa and Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Rosa wichuraiana and Rhus chinensis and Viburnum erosum and Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhododendron yedoense and Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And the planting species of edge vegetation are Japanese Angelica and Symplocos chinensis and Pittosporum tobira and Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lespedeza bicolor and Rubus coreanus and Rubus idaeus and Vitis thunbergii and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata and Rosa multiflora. Considering the population of individuals up to layers in each $400m^2$ area, it was composed of 24 in tree layer, 35 in subtree layer, 410 in shrub layer and 34% herb layer in the Pinus thunbergii community. And the average of breast-high area and canopy area was $10,852cm^2$ in tree layer, in subtree layer $1,546cm^2$, in shrub layer $1,158,660cm^2$. The shortest distance between trees was calculated as 2.0m in tree layer, 1.9m in subtree layer.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 1994

Effects of media and plant growth regulators on the germination of somatic embryos of Angelica tree(Aralia elata Seem.) was studied for the mass production of Angelica tree through tissue culture. MS medium was found to be the most effective for the germination of somatic embryos(65% germination rate), Among the MS medium, the medium containing 25% less inorganic salts and 1% less sucrose was found to be the most effective. Gelling agent with 0.2-0.3% gelrite promoted the germination of somatic embryo$(65{\sim}70%)$ and caused good growth of shoots and roots. 0.1 mg/l of BA and kinetin treatment caused $65{\sim}70%$ germination rate of somatic embryos and good growth of shoots and roots, and resulted in high percentage of dry matter. 1mg/l or 5 mg/l treatment of putrescine, and 10 mg/l treatment of spermidine caused 90% germination rate of somatic embryos and good growth of plant organs, and inhibited vitrification of regenerated plants.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.114-115
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• 2000

Aralia elata is found in mountain areas all over Korean peninsula. Aralia elata is the scientific name for Japanese angelica tree. The tree belongs to the family Araliaceae, commonly known as ginseng family. Bud sprouts from apical shoot tip of the plants are rich in flavor and thus mainly used for both folk medicine and vegetable. The stalks with apical buds are gathered in the early spring and planted in sandy soil or water in the greenhouse. The sprouting buds are then collected and sold as fresh vegetable. Although the plants have been used for food, they have been cultivated in a very small scale. In spring, local farmers just go around mountain areas to search the trees and gather the stalks as much as they get and sell them to the market. No conservation efforts have been made to stop the exploitation or to save the dwindling population. We tried to provide local farmers with the plants that may be used as an alternative to stalks from wild populations. This will bel! p conserve the wild populations. However, it is hard to propagate them either by conventional cuttings or by seed germination in a short period of time. Mass propagation using tissue culture systems have shown a great promise with several woody plants. Recently we developed a mass propagation technique via somatic embryogenesis system using mature and/or juvenile explants for Aralia elata. Several factors affecting somatic embryogenesis system including SE(somatic embryo) induction, embryogenic callus proliferation, SE germination, plant regeneration and transplanting to field frill be presented. And some problems arising for the somatic embryogenesis system will be also discussed.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.10b
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• pp.16-17
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• 2000

Aralia elata is found in mountain areas all over Korean peninsula. Aralia elata is the scientific name for Japanese angelica tree. The tree belongs to the family Araliaceae, commonly known as ginseng family. Bud sprouts from apical shoot tip of the plants are rich in flavor and thus mainly used for both folk medicine and vegetable. The stalks with apical buds are gathered in the early spring and planted in sandy soil or water in the greenhouse. The sprouting buds are then collected and sold as fresh vegetable. Although the plants have been used for food, they have been cultivated in a very small scale. In spring, local farmers just go around mountain areas to search the trees and gather the stalks as much as they get and sell them to the market. No conservation efforts have been made to stop the exploitation or to save the dwindling population. We tried to provide local farmers with the plants that may be used as an alternative to stalks from wild populations. This will hel! p conserve the wild populations. However, it is hard to propagate them either by conventional cuttings or by seed germination in a short period of time. Mass propagation using tissue culture systems have shown a great promise with several woody plants. Recently we developed a mass propagation technique via somatic embryogenesis system using mature and/ or juvenile explants for Aralia elata. Several factors affecting somatic embryogenesis system including SE(somatic embryo) induction, embryogenic callus proliferation, SE germination, plant regeneration and transplanting to field will be presented. And some problems arising for the somatic embryogenesis system will be also discussed.lso discussed.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2003

Sokmyeungtang was the representative prescription for Apoplexy under the rule of Tang and Song dynasty of which the cultures were thriving in the history of China. However, the clinical use of Sokmyeungtang has been gradually reduced since Geumwon dynasty of China because it was misunderstood that the dryness heat drugs of pungent in flavor and warm in property such as Ephedra, Pubescent Angelica Root, Chinese Cassia Tree-Bark, Divaricate Saposhnikovia Root, Prepared Aconite Root, Fresh Ginger, and Wildginger Herb included in the presciption for Apoplexy supplemented heat as damaging Yin flood. In fact, the drugs pungent in flavor and warm in property activate exterior and interior circulation, circulate channels and collaterals, promote blood circulation, and remove blood stasis with the side effect of relieving exterior syndrome with drugs warming channels. When treating Apoplexy with Sokmyeungtang, the cold drugs such as Gypsum, Baikai Skullcap Root, and Pueraria Root are prescribed to suppress fire of pungent dryness and to control excessive heat of people with Apoplexy as reducing the effects of hot drugs causing impairment of Yin. For treatment of Apoplexy, the above drugs accelerate blood and Qi circulation in channels and collaterals and then in necrotic tissue of human body as removing blood stasis. Consequently, these drugs improve disorders of capillary tube circulation. If Sokmyeungtang, an old prescription, is properly understood, it will be substantially helpful to all kinds of treatments in clinical cases

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2006

This study was conducted to develop the regulating methods for the optimal harvest stage of new sprout for woody plants, and to clarify the effects of storage condition and period on the growth of new sprout formed of Aralia elata cv. 'Jeongkwang'. Japanese angelica tree were collected in the Jangheung district of Jeonnam on 20. March, 2005, and those cut branches were stored at $5{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ and 80 to 90% of the relative humidity, and were cut in water. Survival rate of cut branches for Aralia elata cv. 'Jeongkwang' was significantly increased when that was used for the cutting after the collection with no storage. And those survival rate was much more increased when that was stored at 80 to 90% of relative humidity than 40 to 50% of relative humidity. Number of new sprouts formed which were not stored immediately after the collection 3.2 to 3.4, and that were stored at cold storage room before cutting and cut on 1. June and 1. August were 5.1 to 5.3. Leaf growth of cut branches cut in water on 20. March started at ten days after cutting, and that on 1. June and 1. August at one to two days after cutting. Slow and mature sprout growth of Aralia elata cv. 'Jeongkwang' which were cut in water were different by the cold storage periods. Nineteen days were needed for the mature growth of sprout when cut in water on 20. March, and thirteen days on 1. August.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.15-23
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• 2016

Objectives : Araliae Continentalis Radix and Angelicae Pubescentis Radix have been used as the same medicinal name Korean and Chinese traditional medicines, respectively. The authentic Araliae Continentalis Radix is described only the root of Aralia continentalis in the Korean Pharmarcopoeia. However, the dried root of Angelica biserrata, Levisticum officinale, or Heracleum moellendorffii also has been distributed adulterants of Araliae Continentalis Radix. To develop a reliable method for identifying Araliae Continentalis Radix from adulterants, we carried out the analyses of universal DNA barcode sequences.Methods : Four plants species were collected from different habitate and nucleotide sequences of matK and rbcL were analyzed. The species-specific sequences and phylogenetic relationship were estimated using entire sequences of two DNA barcodes, respectively.Results : In comparative analysis of matK sequences, we were identified 104 positions of marker nucleotide for Ar. continentalis, 3 for An. biserrata, 4 for L. officinale and 8 for H. moellendorffii enough to distinguish individual species, respectively. Furthermore, we obtained marker nucleotides in rbcL at 42 positions for Ar. continentalis, 5 for An. biserrata and 2 for H. moellendorffii, but not for L. officinale. The phylogenetic tree of matK and rbcL were showed that all samples were clustered into four groups constituting homogeneous clades within the species.Conclusions : We confirmed that species-specific marker nucleotides of matK sequence provides distinct genetic information enough to identify four species. Therefore, we suggest that matK gene is useful DNA barcode for discriminating authentic Araliae Continentalis Radix from inauthentic adulterants.