• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.9-12
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• 2017

Purpose Surgery for separating craniopagus twins involves many critical issues owing to complex anatomical features. We demonstrate a 3D printed model and virtual reality (VR) technologies that could provide valuable benefits for surgical planning and simulation, which would improve the visualization and perception during craniopagus surgery. Material & Methods We printed a 3D model extracted from CT images of craniopagus patients using segmentation software developed in-house. Then, we imported the 3D model to create the VR environment using 3D simulation software (Unity, Unity Technologies, CA). We utilized the HTC Vive (HTC & Valve Corp) head-mount-display for the VR simulation. Results We obtained the 3D printed model of craniopagus patients and imported the model to a VR environment. Manipulating the model in VR was possible, and the 3D model in the VR environment enhanced the application of user-friendly 3D modeling in surgery for craniopagus twins. Conclusion The use of the 3D printed model and VR has helped understand complicated anatomical structures of craniopagus patients and has made communicating with other medical surgeons in the field much easier. Further, interacting with the 3D model is possible in VR, which enhances the understanding of the craniopagus surgery as well as the success rate of separation surgery while providing useful information on diagnosing and surgery planning.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.331-336
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• 2020

In this study, we would like to examine the effect of the location of the magnification marker and the change in the stitching range on the magnification marker and the expansion of the anatomical structure in the examination of femoral stitching radiation using the stitching technique, and to find out the usability of the femoral stitching radiation examination in the preoperative examination for THRA. The measured values measured by 5 researchers were summed and presented through descriptive statistics. When the position of the magnification marker was changed, the average value of the measured value was in the range of 113.54 to 113.90 mm. The anatomical structures of the femur were measured in the range of 57.24 to 57.78 mm, 27.20 to 27.56 mm, and 70.11 to 70.81 mm, respectively. This showed a similar deviation from the expansion rate of previous related papers using markers. Therefore, it is considered that femoral stitching X-ray examination using magnification markers can be used for preoperative examination for THRA.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2004

We investigated the anatomical aspects of vitrification in peace poplar. Comparisons were made with regard to characteristics occurring between hyperhydric and normal shoots in shoot proliferation cultures on MS medium containing 0.2 mg/L BA. Compared with normal plants, hyperhydric plants had thick, curled, and dark green leaves. Hyperhydric stems were thicker and shorter than those of normal stems. When examined under the microscopes, the mesophyll palisade cells of hyperhydric leaves were vacuolated, whereas those of normal leaves contained normal and enriched vacuole with cytoplasm. Generally, the hyperhydric leaves showed poorly developed palisade parenchyma, and revealed irregular and bigger sized intercellular structures in both palisade and spongy parenchyma as well as epidermis cells compare to those of normal leaves. In addition, the hyperhydric leaves had lower stomatal density and bigger sized cell. Vascular tissues of hyperhydic stems were less differentiated because of poorly lignified xylem tissue. The greatly expanded cortical cells and pith appeared to be the main cause of thick stems as compared with normal stems.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 1987

Some anatomical characterisitcs of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) collected from pollution-exposed areas in Korea were investigated. These sites were reportedly the most severe air polluted areas in Korean peninsular. A decline in overall growth rate was apparent since the late 10-year period of growth. P. densiflora in Onsan and in Yeochon recorded in the radial growth reduction of approximately 70 and 60% respectively. The formation of earlywood in the period of air pollution was restricted, whereas the percentage of latewood increased. The maximum wood density was lower in xylem rings formed during a period of air-pollution than in rings found without pollution. Most of pine trees damaged by air pollution showed the classical type of length-on-age curve for tracheids. However, reduction in cell wall-thickness and diameter was revealed in the wood exposed to air pollutants. Nor anomalies in microstructures nor microorganisms in wood structures were found in the damaged trees.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2009

Objective : This study was carried to identify the anatomical component of FTMM(Foot Taeyang Meridian Muscle) in human lower limb, and further to help the accurate application to real acupuncture. Methods : FTM at the surface of the lower limb was labelled with latex. And cadaver was stripped off to demonstrate muscles, nerves and the others and to display the internal structures of FTMM, being divided into outer, middle, and inner layer. Results : FTMM in human lower limb is composed of muscles, nerves, ligaments etc. The internal composition of the FTMM in human lower limb are as follows : 1) Muscle : Gluteus maximus. biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gastrocnemius, triceps calf, fibularis brevis tendon, superior peroneal retinacula, calcaneofibular ligament, inferior extensor retinaculum, abductor digiti minimi, sheath of flexor tendon at outer layer, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, plantaris, soleus, posterior tibialis, fibularis brevis, extensor digitorum brevis, flexor digiti minimi at middle layer, and for the last time semimembranosus, adductor magnus, plantaris, popliteus, posterior tibialis, flexor hallucis longus, dorsal calcaneocuboidal ligament at inner layer. 2) Nerve : Inferior cluneal nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous n., sural cutaneous n., proper plantar branch of lateral plantar n. at outer layer, sciatic nerve, common peroneal n., medial sural cutaneous n., tibial n. at middle layer, and for the last time tibial nerve, flexor hallucis longus branch of tibial n. at inner layer. Conclusions : This study proves comparative differences from already established studies from the viewpoint of constituent elements of FTMM in the lower limb, and also in the aspect of substantial assay method. We can guess that there are conceptional differences between terms (that is, nerves which control muscles of FTMM and those which pass near by FTMM) in human anatomy.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.43-49
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• 1997

The lengths of fibers and vessel elements, vessel diameters, and ray spacings of tension and opposite woods in Quercus mongolica Fischer and their radial variations were examined. Crystallinity indices and crystallites orientations of tension, opposite and lateral woods were also investigated. The lengths of fibers and vessel elements, and ray spacings of tension wood were longer and denser than those of opposite wood, respectively. In the latewood, the vessels of tension wood had a little larger diameters than those of opposite wood. whereas the vessel diameters of earlywood were similar in both woods. With the exception of vessel diameters of earlywood, there were differences between tension and opposite woods in all anatomical characteristics examined. In the radial variation pattern, the fiber lengths of both woods increased markedly to about 15th annual ring and thereafter remained virtually constant. The vessel element lengths of earlywood in tension wood increased to certain annual ring and thereafter were stabilized, but opposite wood had a relatively constant trend from pith to bark. Those of late wood in both woods increased to certain annual ring and thereafter showed constant patterns. Vessel diameters appeared to show similar trend in both woods. Ray spacings decreased to about 15 annual ring and thereafter were stabilized in both woods. In the fine structures, tension wood had higher crystallinity index and better crystallites orientation than opposite and lateral woods.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2021

Purpose: For minimally invasive procedures, three-dimensional (3D) anatomical knowledge of the structures of the face is essential. This study aimed to describe the thickness of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and depths of the facial muscles located in the infraorbital region using a 3D scanner to provide critical clinical anatomical guidelines for improving minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Materials and Methods: The 3D scanning images of 38 Korean cadavers (22 males and 16 females; age range: 51~94 years at the time of death) were analyzed. Eight facial landmarks (P1~P8) were marked on the cadaveric faces. The images were scanned in three steps-undissected face, hemiface after skinning, and revealing the facial muscles. Student's t-test was used to identify significant differences. Result: The skin and subcutaneous tissue tended to become thicker from the upper to lower and medial to lateral aspects, and the muscles followed the same pattern as that of the most superficial located muscle and the deepest located muscles. No significant sex-related differences were found in the skin at any landmark. However, the muscles tended to be deeper in the female participants. Conclusion: The study data can serve as a basis for creating or enhancing clinical anatomy-based guidelines or improving procedures in the infraorbital region.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.307-314
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• 2022

Objective : The percutaneous thread transection technique is a surgical dissecting method using a dissecting thread inserted through a needle under ultrasound guidance without skin incision. As the new dissecting threads were developed domestically, this cadaver study was conducted to compare the effectiveness and safety between the new threads (ultra V sswire and smartwire-01) and a pre-existing commercial dissecting thread (loop & shear) by demonstrating a modified looped thread cubital tunnel release. Methods : The percutaneous cubital tunnel release procedure was performed on 29 fresh cadaveric upper extremities. The pre-existing commercial thread was used in 5 upper extremities. The two newly developed threads were used in 24 upper extremities. Two practitioners performed the procedures separately. After the modified looped thread cubital release, anatomical and histological analyses were performed by a blinded anatomist. The presence of the dissected cubital tunnel and damaged adjacent soft tissue was assessed. Results : Out of the 29 cadaveric upper extremities, 27 specimens showed complete dissection of the Osborne ligament and the proximal fascia of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. One specimen was incompletely dissected in each of the ultra V sswire and smartwire-01 groups. There were no injuries of adjacent structures including the ulnar nerve, ulnar artery, medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, or flexor tendon with either the commercial thread or the newly developed threads. The anatomical analysis revealed clear and sharp incisional margins of the cubital tunnel in the Smartwire-01 and loop & shear groups. All three kinds of threads maintained proper linear elasticity for easy handling during the procedure. The smartwire-01 provided higher visibility in ultrasound than the other threads. Conclusion : The newly developed threads were effective and safe for use in the thread cubital tunnel release procedure.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.287-294
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• 2023

This study was conducted to ultimately reduce unnecessary radiation exposure by emphasizing the need and importance of correct positioning by examining the positioning relationship of anatomical structures in the human body and changes in X-ray images according to changes in patient positioning during the left lateral chest X-ray examination. This study investigated and analyzed previously published papers and books on the left lateral chest X-ray examination to find out the importance of positioning in the left lateral chest X-ray examination. To find out the importance of correct positioning in the left lateral chest X-ray, we compared three images of incorrectly positioned right thorax and left thorax rotated forward and the lower median surface of the body leaning against the image receptor. In the left lateral chest examination, a distorted image was obtained in which the shape of the anatomical structure observed in the image was changed according to the presence or absence of rotation of the patient and the inclination of the median visual surface. X-ray images with the most accurate and large amount of information were obtained from X-ray images with the correct positioning performed during left lateral chest X-ray examination. Therefore, It is believed that the left lateral chest X-ray examination will have beneficial effects such as providing accurate medical information, preventing misdiagnosis, reducing social costs, and ultimately reducing radiation exposure.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.334-341
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• 2023

Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injuries are the most common cause of ankle sprains. To ensure anatomically accurate surgery and ultrasound imaging of the ATFL, anatomical knowledge of the bony landmarks around the ATFL attachment to the distal fibula is required. The purpose of the present study was to anatomically investigate the ATFL attachment to the fibula with respect to bone morphology and attachment structures. First, we analyzed 36 feet using micro-computed tomography. After excluding 9 feet for deformities, the remaining 27 feet were used for chemically debrided bone analysis and macroscopic and histological observations. Ten feet of living specimens were observed using ultrasonography. We found that a bony ridge was present at the boundary between the attachments of the ATFL and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) to the fibula. These two attachments could be distinguished based on a difference in fiber orientation. Histologically, the ATFL was attached to the anterodistal part of the fibula via fibrocartilage anterior to the bony ridge indicating the border with the CFL attachment. Using ultrasonography in living specimens, the bony ridge and hyperechoic fibrillar pattern of the ATFL could be visualized. We established that the bony ridge corresponded to the posterior margin of the ATFL attachment itself. The ridge was obvious, and the superior fibers of the ATFL have directly attached anteriorly to it. This bony ridge could become a valuable and easy-to-use landmark for ultrasound imaging of the ATFL attachment if combined with the identification of the fibrillar pattern of the ATFL.