• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.139-207
• /
• 2022

As various state restrictions on individual freedom were imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns have been raised that excessive infringements on fundamental rights were indiscriminately permitted based on the public interest of preventing infectious diseases. Therefore, the question of how to set acceptable limits of liberty restrictions on individuals has emerged. However, since the phenomenon of infections spreading to the population is only predicted statistically, how to deal with the risk of the infected individual as a subject of legal analysis has become a problem. In the absence of a theoretical framework of legal analysis of risk, the risk of infected individuals during the pandemic was not analyzed strictly, and proportionality review of infection prevention measures was often only an abstract comparison of the importance of public interest and individual rights. Therefore, this research aims to conduct a theoretical review on how risk can be conceptualized legally in a public health crisis, and to develop a theoretical framework for proportionality review of the risk of liberty-limiting measures during a pandemic. Chapter 2 analyzes the legal philosophical concepts of risk, which are the basis for liberty restrictions during a public health crisis, and applies and extends them to the pandemic. Chapter 3 reviews previous studies related to liberty restriction measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and points out they have a limitation that specific criteria for the proportionality review of public health measures in the pandemic have not been presented. Accordingly, Chapter 3 specifies the methodological framework for proportionality review, referring to the theoretical discussion on risks in Chapter 2. Chapter 4 reviews the legitimacy of gathering restriction orders, applying the theoretical discussion in Chapter 2 and the criteria for proportionality review established in Chapter 3. In particular, Section 4 examines logic of proportionality review in judicial precedents over the ban on gathering restrictions implemented in the COVID-19 pandemic. In analyzing the precedents, the logic of proportionality review in each case is critically reviewed and reconstructed based on the theoretical framework presented in this research.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.101-119
• /
• 2022

Existing algal bloom monitoring is based on field sampling, and there is a limit to understanding the spatial distribution of algal blooms, such as the occurrence and spread of algae, due to local investigations. In this study, algal bloom monitoring was performed using an unmanned aerial vehicle and multispectral sensor, and data on the distribution of algae were provided. For the algal bloom monitoring site, data were acquired from the Mulgeum·Mae-ri site located in the lower part of the Nakdong River, which is the areas with frequent algal bloom. The Chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) value of field-collected samples and the Chl-a estimation formula derived from the correlation between the spectral indices were comparatively analyzed. As a result, among the spectral indices, Maximum Chlorophyll Index (MCI) showed the highest statistical significance(R²=0.91, RMSE=8.1mg/m³). As a result of mapping the distribution of algae by applying MCI to the image of August 05, 2021 with the highest Chl-a concentration, the river area was 1.7km², the Warning area among the indicators of the algal bloom warning system was 1.03km²(60.56%) and the Algal Bloom area occupied 0.67km²(39.43%). In addition, as a result of calculating the number of occurrence days in the area corresponding to the "Warning" in the images during the study period (July 01, 2021~November 01, 2021), the Chl-a concentration above the "Warning" level was observed in the entire river section from 12 to 19 times. The algal bloom monitoring method proposed in this study can supplement the limitations of the existing algal bloom warning system and can be used to provide information on a point-by-point basis as well as information on a spatial range of the algal bloom warning area.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.55 no.8
• /
• pp.623-634
• /
• 2022

Due to river maintenance projects such as the creation of hydrophilic areas around rivers and the Four Rivers Project, the flow characteristics of rivers are continuously changing, and the risk of water quality accidents due to the inflow of various pollutants is increasing. In the event of a water quality accident, it is necessary to minimize the effect on the downstream side by predicting the concentration and arrival time of pollutants in consideration of the flow characteristics of the river. In order to track the behavior of these pollutants, it is necessary to calculate the diffusion coefficient and dispersion coefficient for each section of the river. Among them, the dispersion coefficient is used to analyze the diffusion range of soluble pollutants. Existing experimental research cases for tracking the behavior of pollutants require a lot of manpower and cost, and it is difficult to obtain spatially high-resolution data due to limited equipment operation. Recently, research on tracking contaminants using RGB drones has been conducted, but RGB images also have a limitation in that spectral information is limitedly collected. In this study, to supplement the limitations of existing studies, a hyperspectral sensor was mounted on a remote sensing platform using a drone to collect temporally and spatially higher-resolution data than conventional contact measurement. Using the collected spatio-temporal hyperspectral images, the tracer concentration was calculated and the transverse dispersion coefficient was derived. It is expected that by overcoming the limitations of the drone platform through future research and upgrading the dispersion coefficient calculation technology, it will be possible to detect various pollutants leaking into the water system, and to detect changes in various water quality items and river factors.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.28 no.6B
• /
• pp.731-741
• /
• 2008

Previous studies on the numerical simulation at the tidal reach of Han River tend to restrict downstream boundary as Jeon-ryu station due to difficulties in gaining cross section data and tidal elevation values at Yu-do. But, in this study, geometries beyond the confluence of Gok-reung stream and Im-jin River are constructed based on the numerical sea map; tidal elevation at the downstream boundary, Yu-do is estimated by harmonic analysis of In-cheon tide gage station so that hydrodynamic and diffusion behavior have been analyzed. The domain ranging from Shin-gok submerged weir to Yu-do is selected (which is 36.8 km in length). RMA-2 and RAM4 developed by Il Won Seo (2008) are applied to simulate flow and diffusion behavior, respectively. Numerical results of flow characteristic are compared with the measured data at Jeon-ryu station. Simulation is carried out from June 23 to 25 in 2006 on the ground that hydrologic data is satisfactory and tidal difference is huge during that period. The result shows that reverse flow occurs 5 times according to the tidal elevation at Yu-do and the maximum reverse flow is observed up to Jang-hang IC, which is 32.9 km in length. Also analysis is focused on the process of generation and disappearance of reverse flow, the distribution of water surface elevation and velocity along the maximum velocity line, and the transport of nonconservative pollutant. Pollutant injected from Gul-po stream spreads widely across the river; however, the size of BOD cloud entering from Gok-reung stream is relatively small because water depth at the mid and left side becomes deeper and maximum velocity occurs along the right bank so that transverse mixing is completed quickly. Finally, mixing characteristic of horizontal salinity distribution is obtained by estimating the salinity input with analytical solution of 1D advection-dispersion equation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.82 no.3
• /
• pp.670-681
• /
• 2021

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the optimal threshold value in Hounsfield units (HU) on CT to detect the solid components of pulmonary subsolid nodules using pathologic invasive foci as reference. Materials and Methods Thin-section non-enhanced chest CT scans of 25 patients with pathologically confirmed minimally invasive adenocarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. On CT images, the solid portion was defined as the area with higher attenuation than various HU thresholds ranging from -600 to -100 HU in 50-HU intervals. The solid portion was measured as the largest diameter on axial images and as the maximum diameter on multiplanar reconstruction images. A linear mixed model was used to evaluate bias in each threshold by using the pathological size of invasive foci as reference. Results At a threshold of -400 HU, the biases were lowest between the largest/maximum diameter of the solid portion of subsolid nodule and the size of invasive foci of the pathological specimen, with 0.388 and -0.0176, respectively. They showed insignificant difference (p = 0.2682, p = 0.963, respectively) at a threshold of -400 HU. Conclusion For quantitative analysis, -400 HU may be the optimal threshold to define the solid portion of subsolid nodules as a surrogate marker of invasive foci.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.65-82
• /
• 2008

Statement of problem : Today's market economy has been changed more and more to consumer concerned. It is owing to not only consumers ' rising standard of living and education, but also purchasers' easy accessibilities to products through various mass media. The consumer centered market system, where customer can choose items with diverse alternatives to satisfy their self esteem, is also applied to the field of medical business, and accelerated by an increasing income level of shoppers and introducing the whole nations' medical insurance system. Today, the medical industry has become competitive due to increasing number of medical institutions and medical personnel, and this offers wide choices to consumers in the medical market place. At this point of time, it is essential to survey on the primary factor of gratification for the patient in the Dental clinic, as well as on the problems and suggestions in medical service. Purpose : The analysis in this study shows essential factors and expected influential elements in satisfaction of the patient in the Dental Hopsital, and strategic suggestions for the provider of dental service, which can be of benefit to the prospective customer as well as can make improvement in the quality of dental treatment service. Material and method : This study had been researched by collecting and analyzing the organized questionnaires, which were filled in directly from 784 patients, who visit Dental Hospital, Yonsei University in Seoul, from January 23rd to April 15th. Result : It can be summarized like the followings. 1. The social and demographical peculiarities of respondents are as follows. Samples of gender and marital status are adequately extracted, but data on occupation and treatment are are under a bias toward students, undergraduates and graduate students, and orthodontics. 2. 74% of patients who answer the questionnaire were highly satisfied with the service of dental clinic in the section of overall satisfaction. 3. The survey result about specific service of dental treatment, within sections of independent variables, is like the followings; Patients are highly gratified with service system, kindness, explanation, explanation on expected waiting hours, reservation system, emergency measures, expert treatment, existence of knowledge of dentistry, size of hospital, disinfection, equipment and parking, but lowly satisfied with expense of treatment, preparatory hours for treatment, waiting hours, treatment hours and the period of subscription. 4. The correlation analysis showed that there is no significant linear relationship between the independent variables. 5. The probit regression analysis showed that 8 out of 34 independent variables explained the dependent variables at the level of 0.01. 6. It shows that 8 independent variables, which can affect customers 'satisfaction, are clearing up of inconvenience, service system, kindness, explanation, treatment hours per attendance, reservation system, existence of knowledge of dentistry, and contentment of equipment in the hospital. Conclusion : The consumer's satisfaction totally relies on subjective evaluations of customers. Providing appropriate service, which can meet the criteria for the customer who demands various wares, pursues luxury goods, and expects high quality of medical service, is essential to fulfill patients' satisfaction. Many medical institutions do their best to satisfy their customer, touch their consumer, and offer patience centered services, and it is also applied to the field of dentistry. Establishing brand new strategic managements and elevating the quality of dental service based on this survey are required to improve the satisfaction of patience in the Dental Hospital.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.151-163
• /
• 2016

The characteristics of the rock cleavage in Jurassic granite from Geochang were analysed. The evaluation for the three directions of rock cleavages was performed using the parameters such as (1) frequency of microcrack spacing(N), (2) total spacing(${\leq}1mm$), (3) mean spacing($S_{mean}$), (4) difference value($S_{mean}-S_{median}$) between mean spacing($S_{mean}$) and median spacing($S_{median}$), (5) density of spacing(${\rho}$), (6) difference value between two exponents for the whole range of the diagrams(${\lambda}_H-{\lambda}_L$), (7) mean value of exponent(${\lambda}_M$), (8) mean value of exponential constant($a_M$), (9) difference value between two exponents for the section under the initial points of intersection(${\lambda}t_H-{\lambda}t_L$), (10) mean value of exponent(${\lambda}t_M$) and (11) mean value of exponential constant($at_M$). The results of correlation analysis between the values of parameters for three rock cleavages and those for three planes are as follows. The values of (I) parameters(1, 2, 7 and 8) and (II) parameters(3, 4 and 5) are in orders of (I) H(hardway, (H1 + H2)/2) < G(grain, (G1 + G2)/2) < R(rift, (R1 + R2)/2) and (II) R < G < H. On the contrary, the values of the above two groups(I~II) of parameters for three planes show reverse orders. Besides, the values of parameter $6({\lambda}_H-{\lambda}_L)$, parameter $9({\lambda}t_H-{\lambda}t_L)$, parameter $10({\lambda}t_M)$ and parameter $11(at_M)$ for three planes are in orders of R(rift plane, (G1 + H2)/2) < H(hardway plane, (R2 + G2)/2) < G(grain plane, (R1 + H2)/2), H < G < R, H < R < G and R < H < G, respectively. The values of the above four parameters for three rock cleavages show the various orders of R < H < G, R < H < G, H < G < R and H < G < R, respectively. Meanwhile, the spacing values equivalent to the initial points of contact and intersection between the two directions of diagrams were derived. The above spacing values for three rock cleavages are in order of rift(R1 and R2) < grain(G1 and G2) < hardway(H1 and H2). The spacing values for three planes are in order of rift plane(G1 and H1) < hardway plane(R2 and G2) < grain plane(R1 and H2). In particular, the intersection angles for three rock cleavages and three planes are in order of rift and rift plane < hardway and hardway plane < grain and grain plane. Consequently, the two diagrams of rift(R1 and R2) and rift plane(G1 and H1) show higher frequency of the point of contact and intersection. These characteristics of change were derived through the general chart for three planes and three rock cleavages. Lastly, the correlation analysis through the values of parameters along with the distribution pattern is useful for discriminating three quarrying planes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.579-585
• /
• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of coffee soaked in Morus bombycis extract. Green coffee beans were soaked in M. bombycis extract for 2, 4, and 6 hours (sample codes: 2H, 4H, and 6H) at $4^{\circ}C$. Soaked green beans were dried and roasted for coffee extraction. Two controls, roasted with the same amount of heat (C1) and showed the same weight after roasting (C2), were used. Physicochemical characteristics (pH, total acidity, color, browning index, and total soluble solids), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), total polyphenol content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were investigated. Lower pH and higher total acidity were observed in 2H, 4H, and 6H (P<0.05), supporting evidence of sour taste. There were significant differences in DPPH between the controls (45.51~47.02%) and samples (50.67~55.25%, P<0.05), although 2H and 6H did not show significantly higher DPPH than the controls. 2H, 4H, and 6H showed significantly higher FRAP values ($0.320{\sim}0.331\;FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O\;mM\;FeSO_4/g$) than controls ($0.265{\sim}0.271\;mM\;FeSO_4/g$). ORAC values of samples [1,062.86~1,153.68 mM trolox equivalent (TE)/g] were significantly higher than those of controls (689.40~942.12 mM TE/g). 2H, 4H, and 6H showed significantly higher TPC [24.27~26.07 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g] and TFC [3.75~4.28 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g] than controls (19.79~22.77 mg GAE/g and 1.07~1.95 mg QE/g, respectively) (P<0.05). M. bombycis extracts soaked into green coffee beans showed polyphenol compounds from green coffee beans. Consumer acceptance of 4H (5.12) was the highest, followed by C2 (4.92). C1 (4.14) showed the lowest consumer acceptance. Consumers were segmented into two groups, those who preferred M. bombycis extract-soaked coffee (approximately 61%) and controls (approximately 39%).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.52 no.4
• /
• pp.429-434
• /
• 2009

Purpose : Severe aspiration of the amniotic fluid is known to cause fatal respiratory distress in neonates. We conducted this study to investigate the clinical findings of severe amniotic fluid aspiration pneumonia (AFAP) in neonates and the effect of pulmonary surfactant replacement therapy (SRT). Methods : Retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted on 28 patients who received ventilator care due to severe AFAP in a neonatal intensive care unit over a 7-year period (2000-2006). Patients whose amniotic fluid was contaminated with meconium were excluded. Results : A large number of cases were term infants (82.1%) and infants born by caesarean section (85.7%), and the 1- and 5-min Apgar scores of these patients were $6.5{\pm}1.2$ and $7.5{\pm}1.3$, respectively. Soon after birth, the amount of amniotic fluid sucked out from airway below the vocal cord was $16.0{\pm}10.1$ mL. All patients received SRT with a modified bovine-derived surfactant (120 mg/kg/dose), and one dose was administered in most cases (75%). Compared with pre-SRT, the oxygenation index ($8.0{\pm}9.6$ vs. $18.9{\pm}7.3$) according to ventilator care was a significant improvement at 12 h after SRT (P<0.001). Furthermore, most cases showed radiological improvement for aeration at 12 h post-treatment. Many cases (46.4%) had cardiorespiratory complications, but their final outcomes were excellent (survival rate, 96.4%). Conclusion : AFAP may be an important cause of serious respiratory distress in near-term and term infants, and SRT seems to be an effective adjuvant therapy in mechanically ventilated neonates with severe AFAP.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.591-599
• /
• 2009

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play important roles in nervous system functions and are involved in a variety of diseases. We previously demonstrated that ginsenosides, the active ingredients of Panax ginseng, inhibit subsets of nAChR channel currents, but not ${\alpha}7$, expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mutation of the highly conserved Leu247 to Thr247 in the transmembrane domain 2 (TM2) channel pore region of ${\alpha}7$ nAChR induces alterations in channel gating properties and converts ${\alpha}7$ nAChR antagonists into agonists. In the present study, we assessed how point mutations in the Leu247 residue leading to various amino acids affect 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ ($Rg_3$) activity against the ${\alpha}7$ nAChR. Mutation of L247 to L247A, L247D, L247E, L247I, L247S, and L247T, but not L247K, rendered mutant receptors sensitive to $Rg_3$. We further characterized $Rg_3$ regulation of L247T receptors. We found that $Rg_3$ inhibition of mutant ${\alpha}7$ nAChR channel currents was reversible and concentration-dependent. $Rg_3$ inhibition was strongly voltage-dependent and noncompetitive manner. These results indicate that the interaction between $Rg_3$ and mutant receptors might differ from its interaction with the wild-type receptor. To identify differences in $Rg_3$ interactions between wild-type and L247T receptors, we utilized docked modeling. This modeling revealed that $Rg_3$ forms hydrogen bonds with amino acids, such as Ser240 of subunit I and Thr244 of subunit II and V at the channel pore, whereas $Rg_3$ localizes at the interface of the two wild-type receptor subunits. These results indicate that mutation of Leu247 to Thr247 induces conformational changes in the wild-type receptor and provides a binding pocket for $Rg_3$ at the channel pore.