• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.69-82
• /
• 2004

Objectives : In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to hand yang meridian on the ankle sprain model was examined. Methods & Results : A common source of persistent pain in humans is the lateral ankle sprain. To model this condition, the rat's right ankle was bent repeatedly, overextending lateral ligaments, for 4 min under halothane anesthesia. The rat subsequently showed swelling of the ankle and a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for the next several days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful ankle. EA was applied to the several acupuncture point on the contralateral forelimb for 30 min under gaseous anesthesia. After the termination of EA, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 4 h. EA applied to SI-6 point produced a significant improvement of stepping force of the sprained foot lasting for at least 2 h. However, neigher LI-4 point nor TE-3 point produced any significant increase of weight bearing force. The improvement of stepping pressure was interpreted as an analgesic effect. The analgesic effect was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effect on the ankle sprain pain model could not be mimicked by EA applied to a nearby point, LI-4 or TE-3. The analgesic effect of EA applied to SI-6 was more powerful when EA was applied by low-frequency and high-intensity stimulation. In addition, this effect need to be stimulated more than 15 min. Conclusions : These data suggest that EA produces a potent analgesic effect on the ankle sprain pain model in the rat. This analgesic effect is produced by applying EA to a Tae-Yang meridian at opposite side from the painful area in a stimulus point-specific way.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.205-210
• /
• 1999

Background: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain control has a serious risk of respiratory depression and other side effects such as pruritus, nausea and urinary retention. In recent years, it is known that epidural administration of ketamine potentiates the effect of epidural morphine, and so decrease the side effects of epidural morphine. This study was performed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of epidurally administered ketamine and whether this epidural administration can decrease the amount of epidural morphine. Methods: Sixty patients scheduled for the elective cesarean section were randomly selected. All patients were given subarachnoid injection of tetracaine 9 mg. Group I received epidural bolus injection of 0.15% bupivacaine 10 ml with morphine 2 mg followed by a continuous infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine 100 ml containing morphine 4 mg after peritoneum closure, and group II received the same method as group I except for the addition of epidural ketamine 30 mg. Analgesic effects were assessed using Numeric Rating Score (NRS) and Prince Henry Score (PHS). Also, the degree of satisfaction and the incidence of the side effects were observed. Results: Analgesic effects were significant in both groups after drug administration. But NRS and PHS were not significantly different between two groups at all times. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was 11 out of 30 in group I and 9 out of 30 in group II and the incidence of itching was 11 out of 30 in group I and 8 out of 30 in group II. Number of patients using additional analgesics were 2 and 1 in group I and II, respectively. Conclusions: Epidural ketamine did not potentiate the analgesic effect of epidural morphine and could not decrease the side effect of epidural morphine.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.143-147
• /
• 2000

In previous studies we have demonstrated that several individual ginsenosides such as Rc, Rd, Re and Ri relieves formalin-induced pain following systemic treatment. But it is unknown where these single ginsenosides induce antinociception. We investigated the antinoiceptive effect of four individual ginsenosides on formalin-induced pain after intrathecal (i.t.), intracereventricular (i.c.v.), or subcutaneous (s.c.) administration using mice. We found that ginsenoside Rc, Rd, and Re except Rf attenuated both acute and tonic phase of pain. Ginsenoside Rf attenuated only tonic phase of pain after i.t. administration. The ED$\_$50/ was 1.0 (0.55∼l.75 mg/kg) for Rc, 1.15 (0.6∼2.25 mg/kg) for Rd, and 8.9 (3.9∼20.5 mg/kg) for Re in acute phase of pain. The ED$\_$50/ was 0.3 (0.1∼0.85 mg/kg) for Rc, 0.6 (0.35∼l.1 mg/kg) for Rd, 2.45 (1.25∼4.65 mg/kg) for Re, and 1.9 (1.5∼4.25 mg/kg) for Rf in tonic phase of pain. We also found that ginsenoside Rc, Rd, Re, and Rf after i.c.v. administration attenuated both acute and tonic phase of pain. The ED5o for acute phase of pain was 0.9 (0.55∼l.4mg/kg) for Rc, 0.9 (0.45∼1.7 mg/kg) for Rd, 0.93 (0.5∼l .75 mg/kg) for Re, and 1.85 (0.95∼3.5 mg/kg) for Rf. The ED$\_$50/ for tonic phase of pain was 0.7 (0.45∼1.05 mg/kg) for Rc,1.25 (0.7∼2.2 mg/kg) for Rd, 0.85 (0.45∼1.6 mg/kg) for Re, and 0.8 (0.4∼1.45 mg/kg) for Rf. Thus, the order of the analgesic potency was Rc$\geq$Rd>Re>Rf in both i.t. and i.c.v. administration routes. However, s.c. pretreatment of four ginsenosides did not reduce formalin-induced pain. These results suggest that analgesic effect of ginsenosides is achieved through spinal or supraspinal site(s) in formalin test.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of multimodal pain control method in an early phase after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, under interscalene brachial plexus block, this study was performed. Materials and Methods: The study was progressed with the 80 cases of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Interscalene brachial plexus block was used to all of the 80 cases and patients were divided into 2 groups. Group A consisted of patients injected with bupivacaine, through subacromial space catheter after surgery, and group B consisted of patients with additional method of multimodal pain control using oral opioids, acetaminophen-tramadol complex and selective COX2 inhibitor. Subacromial cathter was removed after injection in both groups. The pain during the day time and night time was compared on the operation day, postoperative 1st, 2nd, 3rd day and 2nd weeks, and it was measured with VAS (visual analogue scale) score. Additionally, the number of ketolorac injection and side-effect related to analgesics was compared between the 2 groups. Results : The mean VAS score of night time on the operation day and day/night time pain of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd day and 2nd weeks was 7.4, 7.0/6.8, 4.5/5.2, 4.8/5.0, 2.2/2.7 on group A and 6.5, 4.3/5.4, 3.2/4.3, 3.0/4.1, 2.4/2.5 on group B, respectively. Significant difference was observed in the night pain on the operation day, 1st, 2nd, 3rd day time and 1st night time pain (p<.05). The average number of ketololac injection was 1.1 and 0.5 in each group, and there was no difference in the frequency of side effects. Conclusion: Multimodal pain control method, after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, showed an effective early pain control and improved patients' satisfaction.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.69-73
• /
• 2005

The flavonoid, quercetin, is a low molecular weight substance found in apple, tomato and other fruit. Besides its antioxidative effect, quercetin, like other flavonoids, has a wide range of neuropharmacological actions including analgesia, and motility, sleep, anticonvulsant, sedative and anxiolytic effects. In the present study, we investigated its effect on mouse 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 ($5-HT_{3A}$) receptor channel activity, which is involved in pain transmission, analgesia, vomiting, and mood disorders. The $5-HT_{3A}$ receptor was expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and the current was measured with the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. In oocytes injected with $5-HT_{3A}$ receptor cRNA, quercetin inhibited the 5-HT-induced inward peak current ($I_{5-HT}$) with an $IC_{50}$ of $64.7{\pm}2.2{\mu}M$. Inhibition was competitive and voltage-independent. Point mutations of pre-transmembrane domain 1 (pre-TM1) such as R222T and R222A, but not R222D, R222E and R222K, abolished inhibition, indicating that quercetin interacts with the pre-TM1 of the $5-HT_{3A}$ receptor.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.136-141
• /
• 2010

The aim of this study is to investigate whether medetomidine (MED) and tiletamine/zolazepam (ZT) combination in dogs provide the sufficient analgesia during the period of the stage of surgical anesthesia determined by the response to the noxious stimuli, which were evaluated by the change of electroencephalogram (EEG) and hemodynamic values. Seven clinically healthy, adult beagle dogs were used. They were used repeatedly at interval of a week, according to a randomized design. This study had 2 experimental groups. In Group 1, dogs received $30\;{\mu}g/kg$ of medetomidine and 10 mg/kg of tiletamine/zolazepam. Both drugs were administered intramuscularly. In Group 2, dogs were medicated with the same method as in Group 1, except the pedal withdrawal reflex test was done. In Group 2, interdigital regions were grasped with a mosquito forceps for 30 seconds, every 5 min from 10 min to 45 min after ZT injection. During all recording stages, the power for each band, mean arterial pressure and heart rates were calculated. On EEG, no significant changes were observed between groups. Although mean arterial pressure and heart rate were increased 10 min after ZT injection, no significant differences were observed between groups. In conclusion, the MED and ZT anesthesia in dogs are seemed to provide a satisfactory analgesic effect during the period of surgical anesthesia based on EEG with pedal withdrawal reflex test.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.239-246
• /
• 1999

The analgesic effect of ginsenosides or morphine was determined following intrathecal (i.t.) administration in rat tail-flick test. The effects of intrathecal co-administration of ginsenosides with morphine on the development of opioid tolerance and dependence were also examined using rat tail-flick test and naloxone-pre-cipitated withdrawal, respectively. Administration of ginsenosides (i.t.) produced a weak antinociception in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of morphine (i.t.) also produced antinociception in a dose-dependent manner. The $ED_50$ was $1.20\;{\mu}g\;(1.14\~1.29\;{\mu}g)$. However, the acute co-administration of $200{\mu}g$ ginsenosides with 0.1-1.0${\mu}g$ morphine did not show additive effect on morphine induced analgesia in rat tail-flick test. I.t. co-administration of 200 ${\mu}g$ ginsenosides with 10 ${\mu}g$ morphine for 7 days inhibited development of tolerance induced by 10 ${\mu}g$ morphine in rat tail-flick test, although i.t. co-administration of 50 or 100 ${\mu}g$ ginsenosides with morphine was without effect. I.t. co-administration of 200 ${\mu}g$ ginsenosides for 7 days also partially attenuated the development of morphine dependence as assessed by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. In conclusion, these results suggest that i.t. administered ginsenosides produce a weak antinociception in rat tail-flick test and also prevent opioid tolerance and attenuate opioid dependence in chronic treatment with morphine at the spinal sites.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.424-429
• /
• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate whether peripheral or central administration of triptolide is involved in pain modulation in inflammatory orofacial pain. The inflammatory orofacial pain was induced by the injection of 5% formalin into right vibrissa pad of rats. The pain behavioral response was measured the number of grooming or scratching on the orofacial area for 9 successive 5 minutes intervals. Triptolide was administrated into the identified vibrissa pad (12.5, 25, $50{\mu}g/50{\mu}l$) or intracisternal space (0.01, 0.1, $1{\mu}g/10{\mu}l$) 10 min before formalin injection. The nociceptive responses were reduced in the 2nd phase (11~45 minutes), particularly 20, 30 minutes after fomalin injection following administration of triptolide into vibrissa pad (25, $50{\mu}g/50{\mu}l$). Intracisternal ($1{\mu}g/10{\mu}l$) administration of triptolide alleviated the formalin-induced pain behaviors in the 2nd phase, especially 25~40 minutes after formalin injection. Triptolide could be a promising analgesic agent in the treatment of inflammatory orofacial pain.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.340-343
• /
• 1996

Background: In our hospital, stellate ganglion block(SGB) has been performed for the prevention and treatment of vasospasm after microscopic reimplantation of finger(s). If brachial plexus block(BPB) has the same effect of sympathetic block on the upper extremity as SGB, it may be preferable to the SGB because it povides postoperative analgesia and is administered continuously. So we measured and compared the change of skin temperature on the forearm as the parameter of sympathetic blockade after SGB and BPB. Methods: The forty-two patients, belonged to ASA class 1~2, were received BPB for hand surgery. The skin temperature was measured before and after BPB on the forearm with patient monitor(LN 6199, YSI 400 Series Temperature Probe, Hellige, Germany). After 24 hours, ipsilateral SGB was performed and skin temperature was recorded before and after SGB. Results: The increase of skin temperature after procedures was $1.1{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$(from $34.5{\pm}0.7^{\circ}C$ to $35.6{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$) in BPB and $0.6{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$(from $34.9{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ to $35.5{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$) in SGB. The changes of skin temperature in both blocks were statistically significant(p<0.01), and the skin temperatures after each procedure were revealed no significant difference(p$\simeq$0.62). Conclusion: We thought that BPB produced sympathetic blockade on the upper extremity as much as SGB. Moreover, it provides postoperative pain relief and may be employed as continuous BPB could be used for hand surgery with many advantages.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.243-251
• /
• 2008

The effect of alcoholic extracts of Costus specious (Family: Zingiberaceae) was evaluated in experimental models of pain and inflammation. Oral administration of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of C. specious extracts were used for the above study. Crude extracts of C. specious (300 mg/kg dose) showed maximum time needed for the response against thermal stimuli ($7.242\;{\pm}\;0.532\;s$) which is comparable to diclofenac sodium ($8.471\;{\pm}\;0.25\;s$) in the hot plate test. The MPH (Maximum Possible Analgesia) has been found to be 14.285 for 300 mg/kg dose of the crude extract while the MPH for diclofenac was 15.857 after 60 min of administration in the hot tail-flick method. The crude extract at 300 and 200 mg/kg doses showed significant reduction in acetic acid induced writhings in mice with a maximum effect of 59.661% reduction at 300 mg/kg dose which is comparable to standard diclofenac sodium (73.4%). Alcoholic extract of C. specious showed significant inhibition in serotonin and egg albumin induced hind paw oedema in rats at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of the crude extracts respectively (Serotonin induced edema 44.22; 53.75; 58.51%; egg albumin induced edema - 41.317; 53.892; 59.880% inhibition after 4 h respectively). The antiinflammatory effects showed by the extract were comparable to that of standard indomethacin 5 mg/kg (Serotonin induced edema 77.56%; egg albumin induced edema 77.844% inhibition after 4 h). These results suggest that the extract possesses both the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity on mice and rat model.