• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.277-283
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• 2021

The genus Lactococcus is a gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-motile bacterium. It is a facultative anaerobe and can be cultured at 10~40℃. The genus Lactococcus consists of 16 species, of which Lactococcus garvieae and Lactococcus lactis are known to cause disease in humans. This study reports the first case in which L. garvieae was identified in the urine culture of a 74-year-old woman. The patient confirmed the findings of acute urinary tract infection through blood tests, microbial identification tests, antibiotic susceptibility tests, and computed tomography performed at a hospital. The patient was admitted to the nephrology ward and was treated with IV fluids and erythromycin antibiotics and discharged 5 days later. This is the first case in Korea in which L. garvieae was isolated from the urine of a patient with a urinary tract infection and is expected to be useful in treating patients with L. garvieae infection in the future.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2023

Objective: In this study, metabolites that changed in the rumen fluid, urine and feces of dairy cows fed different feed ratios were investigated. Methods: Eight Holstein cows were used in this study. Rumen fluid, urine, and feces were collected from the normal concentrate diet (NCD) (Italian ryegrass 80%: concentrate 20% in the total feed) and high concentrate diet (HCD) groups (20%: 80%) of dairy cows. Metabolite analysis was performed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) identification, and statistical analysis was performed using Chenomx NMR software 8.4 and Metaboanalyst 4.0. Results: The two groups of rumen fluid and urine samples were separated, and samples from the same group were aggregated together. On the other hand, the feces samples were not separated and showed similar tendencies between the two groups. In total, 160, 177, and 188 metabolites were identified in the rumen fluid, urine, and feces, respectively. The differential metabolites with low and high concentrations were 15 and 49, 14 and 16, and 2 and 2 in the rumen fluid, urine, and feces samples, in the NCD group. Conclusion: As HCD is related to rumen microbial changes, research on different metabolites such as glucuronate, acetylsalicylate, histidine, and O-Acetylcarnitine, which are related to bacterial degradation and metabolism, will need to be carried out in future studies along with microbial analysis. In urine, the identified metabolites, such as gallate, syringate, and vanillate can provide insight into microbial, metabolic, and feed parameters that cause changes depending on the feed rate. Additionally, it is thought that they can be used as potential biomarkers for further research on subacute ruminal acidosis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.247-261
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• 2022

Ketosis is associated with high milk yield during lactating or insufficient feed intake in lactating dairy cows. However, few studies have been conducted on the metabolomics of ketosis in Korean lactating dairy cows. The present study aimed to investigate the serum and urine metabolites profiling of lactating dairy cows through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy and comparing those between healthy (CON) and subclinical ketosis (SCK) groups. Six lactating dairy cows were categorized into CON and SCK groups. All experimental Holstein cows were fed total mixed ration. Serum and urine samples were collected from the jugular vein of the neck and by hand sweeping the perineum, respectively. The metabolites in the serum and urine were determined using ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. Identification and quantification of metabolites was performed by Chenomx NMR Suite 8.4 software. Metabolites statistical analysis was performed by Metaboanalyst version 5.0 program. In the serum, the acetoacetate level was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the SCK group than in the CON group, and whereas acetate, galactose and pyruvate levels tended to be higher. CON group had significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of 5-aminolevulinate and betaine. Indole-3-acetate, theophylline, p-cresol, 3-hydroxymandelate, gentisate, N-acetylglucosamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, xanthine and pyridoxine levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the urine of the SCK group than that in the CON group, which had higher levels of homogentisate, ribose, gluconate, ethylene glycol, maltose, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate and glycocholate. Some significantly (p < 0.05) different metabolites in the serum and urine were associated with ketosis diseases, inflammation, energy balance and body weight. This study will be contributed useful a future ketosis metabolomics studies in Korea.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1199-1208
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• 2023

Objective: The purpose of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of metabolite levels in serum and milk obtained from cows fed on different concentrate to forage feed ratios. Methods: Eight lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups: a high forage ratio diet (HF; 80% Italian ryegrass and 20% concentrate of daily intake of dry matter) group and a high concentrate diet (HC; 20% Italian ryegrass and 80% concentrate) group. Blood was collected from the jugular vein, and milk was sampled using a milking machine. Metabolite levels in serum and milk were estimated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance and subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyses performed using Chenomx 8.4. For statistical analysis, Student's t-test and multivariate analysis were performed using Metaboanalyst 4.0. Results: In the principal component analysis, a clear distinction between the two groups regarding milk metabolites while serum metabolites were shown in similar. In serum, 95 metabolites were identified, and 13 metabolites (include leucine, lactulose, glucose, betaine, etc.) showed significant differences between the two groups. In milk, 122 metabolites were identified, and 20 metabolites (include urea, carnitine, acetate, butyrate, arabinitol, etc.) showed significant differences. Conclusion: Our results show that different concentrate to forage feed ratios impact the metabolite levels in the serum and milk of lactating Holstein cows. A higher number of metabolites in milk, including those associated with milk fat synthesis and the presence of Escherichia coli in the rumen, differed between the two groups compared to that in the serum. The results of this study provide a useful insight into the metabolites associated with different concentrate to forge feed ratios in cows and may aid in the search for potential biomarkers for subacute ruminal acidosis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.176-182
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• 2009

Hydrogen producing bacterium, strain MeL 6-2 was isolated from the sludge of the factory areas in Anyang through the acclimation in basal salt medium (BSM) supplemented with 10 g/L of sucrose. Isolated strain MeL 6-2 was a facultative anaerobe which could grow in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. An aerobically grown pure culture isolated from enriched culture was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing and identified as Rhodopseudomonas sp. MeL 6-2. Effects of the concentrations of glucose and sucrose on the hydrogen production rate and the hydrogen production yield were investigated. When glucose in the range of 1~12 g/L was supplemented to the BSM, strain MeL 6-2 could grow without lag phase. An increased glucose concentration increased the specific hydrogen production rate linearly to $4.2\;mmol-H_2{\cdot}L^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$ at 10 g/L, and $60\;mmol-H_2{\cdot}mg-DCW^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$, but decreased slightly as the concentration increased to 12 g/L. The hydrogen production yield was maintained over a range from 2.6 to $3.1\;mol-H_2{\cdot}mol-glucose^{-1}$. When sucrose in the range of 1~12 g/L was supplemented to the BSM, strain MeL 6-2 could grow after ten hours. An increased sucrose concentration increased the specific hydrogen production rate and the hydrogen production yield to $163\;mmol-H_2{\cdot}mg-DCW^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$ and to $4.5\;mol-H_2{\cdot}mol-sucrose^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1882-1888
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• 2010

To develop probiotics, a kind of Lactobacillus sp. was isolated from infant feces. The bacterium was identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus through 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The strain was a facultative anaerobe which grew better in aerobic conditions. The bacterium lowered the pH of the culture solution down to 2.4 during 48 hr in the MRS medium. The strain inhibited the growth of 6 pathogens - S. aureus, L. monocytogens, S. typhimurium, E. coli O-157, V. parahaemolyticus and P. aeruginosa. When the Lactobacillus were fed to chickens, along with commercial feed, for one month, amounts of $H_2S$ and $NH_3$ in the feces of the chicken decreased to 50% and 70%, respectively, compared to those of control group chickens. Amounts of other bad smells such as $(CH_3)SH$, $(CH_3)_2S$ and $(CH_3)_2S_2$ were not much different in the Lactobacillus-fed chickens compared to the control group. On the other hand, egg weights of the chickens fed Lactobacillus were higher by about $5{\pm}1\;g$ than those in the control group.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.13
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• pp.37-44
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• 2012

White crystals on 46 costumes excavated from Shim Su-Ryun(1534 - 1589)'s tomb were examined their characterization and distribution. In 36 of such samples, white crystals with different shape and hardness were found. The formation of crystals did not correlated with a kind and use of textiles. However, crystals were found in the back side than the front of costume, specially around the marks of shrouding dead body. White crystals from 7 textiles were investigated by EPMA, XRD, or FT-IR. The composition of white crystal was analysed by EPMA and the structure characterization of crystals was used by X-ray diffraction. FT-IR spectroscopy was applied to check if non-crystalline compounds were also present. Mg and P were detected as the main element of white crystals and these compounds were identified a struvite and newberyite, the inorganic mineral magnesium ammonium phosphates. Struvite precipitation are influenced by many factors including concentration of Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺, and PO₄^3- ions, pH, and temperatures. It is assumed that magnesium, phosphorous, ammonia, a base material of struvite comes from decomposition product of human body. Tomb covered with lime, a unique triple-structure in Joseon period offering the basic condition, an anaerobe in a coffin, and high magnesium concentration of outer coffin with lime can be inferred as important factor for precipitation of crystals.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.180-184
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• 2000

Tn order to be helpful to control dispersed microorganisms for stabLlization of wastewater treatment in a paper-makillg process, dominant strains were isolated aerobically and anaerobically. and identified and physiological characteristics were also analyzed. Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Cardiobacten'm hominis, lvIicrococcus lylae, XanfomonCls campestris p" juglandis, Micrococcus diversus, and Comamonas terrigencl as aerobic dominants, and Streptococcus bovis and Prevotella buccae as anaerobIc dominants were identified fi'om the supernatent of the primary settling tank. It seemed that microflora in the treatment process would consist of many kinds of microorganisms, whose dominant would change easily according to environmental conditions, They all grew well at $37^{\circ}C$ and at different initial medium pH's. Especially, some of them required sulfate ion for their growth, which came from a chemical coagulant of aluminium sulfate in the primary settling tank. Interestingly. many anaerobes grew well even in the aerobic wastewater treatment process and seemed to have some functions. Population of anaerobes increased three times in the supematant of primary settling tank and ten times in Lhe bottom sludge of primary settling tank than in the prime wastewater. Therefore, these anaerobes contributed to the producH tion of offensive gases, which would make some microorganisms not precLpitate and be buoyant.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.391-397
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• 2016

Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive, rod shape, spore-forming obligate anaerobe. Recently, Clostridium has been attracted as a host for bio-based chemical production, due to its diversity of substrate utilization and the production ability for metabolites which can be used as a building block for chemical production. Especially, butanol produced from Clostridium has been considered as an alternative fuel. As a transportation fuel, butanol has a higher energy density and lower hygroscopicity compared to ethanol, the first generation biofuel. Recently, metabolic engineering of Clostridium has been massively conducted for butanol production. In this study, the metabolic engineering strategy of Clostridium for butanol production has been reviewed with a brief perspective.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.9-12
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• 2015

Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae is a causative agent of swine dysentery that is responsible for death and economic losses in the pig industry. It is imperative that clinical samples be delivered fresh for accurate diagnosis. The viability and DNA detection of B. hyodysenteriae using lab-made (phosphate buffered saline and modified tryptic soy broth) or commercial transport media (C, D, and E) were compared by culturing and real-time PCR at $4^{\circ}C$ or room temperature (RT), respectively. B. hyodysenteriae grown in D (Anaerobe Systems, USA) and E (Starplex Scientific, Canada) media was viable for 4 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and RT. However, B. hyodysenteriae in A, B, and C (culture swab; BD Biosciences, USA) media were not recovered after 2 days at RT. Ct values for real-time PCR at $4^{\circ}C$ and RT ranged from $27.2{\pm}2.1$ (C) to $29.6{\pm}0.5$ (B), and $28.0{\pm}0.9$ (E) to $30.2{\pm}1.5$ (B), respectively. Considering the field conditions, it is important that transport media is used for specimen isolation and PCR to obtain an accurate diagnosis of swine dysentery.