• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.14-23
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Cheongawongagam on osteoporosis rat. A total of 35 rats were divided into seven groups; Normal control(SD-Nr), experimental control group(OVX-CTL), positive control group(OVX-17β-E2) and herb extracts group[Eucommia ulmoides(OVX-EU-E), Juglandis semen(OVX-JR-SE), Acanthopanax senticosus(OVX-AS-E) extract and Cheongawongagam extracts(OVX-JAEG-E)]. All control group, and herb extracts group were ovariectomized. After the 3 weeks recovery period, herb extract group were orally administered 200 mg / kg of the EU-E, JR-SE, AS-E and JAEG-E for 12 weeks. In the OVX-CTL, 17β-estradiol(E2) was administered subcutaneously on the back of the rats at a dose of 0.03 ug/sc. Their body weight, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), calcium (Ca), estradiol, osteocalcin, and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) concentration were measured. Also, we investigated mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokine, MMP-2, MMP-9, and bone tissue. As a result, total cholesterol was significantly decreased in the OVX-AS-E and OVX-JAEG-E. ALP was significantly increased and osteocalcin, DPD was significantly decreased in OVX-JAEG-E. The expression of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, LTB4, COX-2, NOS-2), inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and MMP-9 mRNA were significantly decreased in OVX-JAEG-E. Histologic examination of the femur showed that bone mineral density, and bone mass were increased and bone marrow were decreased in the OVX-JAEG-E group. The above experiment shows that cheongawongagam extract were effective in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.37 no.4 s.147
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• pp.294-301
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective activity of gomisin A and gomisin N, bioactive lignan components isolated from Schizandae Fructus, on hepatocyte injury induced by carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$, 10 mM), t-butyl hydroperoxide(TBH, 0.5 mM), and D-galactosamine(GalN, 30 mM). Primary cultures of rat hepatocyte(18 h culture) were treated with $CCl_4$, TBH or GalN and various concentrations(0.1, 1, 10, $100{\mu}M$) of gomisin A or gomisin N. $CCl_4$ significantly increased the levels of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase(AST). These increases were inhibited by gomisin N. TBH significantly increased the level of AST; an increase that was inhibited by gomisin N. GalN markedly increased the levels of LDH and ALT, and these increases was significantly inhibited by both gomisin A and gomisin N. These results suggest that gomisin A and gomisin N have the hepatoprotective activity.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.248-256
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• 2014

Purpose: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children has become an important public health issue because of its high prevalence and severity. Several noninvasive methods for estimating NAFLD are under investigation. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of serum ferritin as a biomarker of severity of pediatric NAFLD patients. Methods: A total of 64 NAFLD patient were enrolled from Severance Children's Hospital from March 2010 to February 2013. Serum ferritin levels, liver related laboratory tests, liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (2-dimensional [2D] proton density-fat fraction) and NAFLD severity markers were compared between obese group and overweight group. Correlation analyses were performed between serum ferritin and laboratory values including NAFLD severity markers. Results: In obese group, serum ferritin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, international normalized ratio (INR), MRI 2D proton density-fat fraction, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis- 4 (FIB-4) (an index score calculated from platelet count, ALT, AST and age) were significantly higher than those of overweight group. NAFLD severity markers, APRI and FIB-4, and liver specific important laboratory values, AST, ALT, INR, cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein show significant correlation with serum ferritin in NAFLD patients. Conclusion: Serum ferritin concentrations could be a candidate of useful severity marker in the pediatric NAFLD patients.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2011

To evaluate hepatoprotective effect of Epimedium Koreanum nakai (EKN) on liver-damaged animal model, rats were intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg) for 9 weeks orally. Liver-damaged rats were divided into 2 groups: liver-damaged control (LDC) group and EKN group were administered vehicle (saline), EKN extract per os for 4 weeks respectively. Normal control (NC) group was administered saline as the same process of LDC group. The weights of prostate (absolute), testis (relative), epididymis (relative) and packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of EKN group significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared with LDC group. But Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpusulcar hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) decreased. Fibrotic regions in hepatic parenchyma of EKN group significantly (P < 0.01) decreased compared with LDC group and mean diameters of hepatic lobules significantly (P < 0.01) increased. Percentages of degenerative kidney regions and number of degenerative kidney tubules, number of vasodilated atrophic glomerulus of EKN group was significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) decreased compared with LDC group. Number of atrophic seminiferous tubules and epididymal tubules showing oligospermatozoa of EKN group were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased compared with LDC group. In conclusion, EKN extract has a favorable effect on the $CCl_4$-induced liver damage.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.313-325
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• 1996

Experiments were undertaken to examine the ability of selenium to protect against alcohol and/or paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity and to examine the additive effect between alcohol and paraquat. Protective effect against hepatotoxic functions was measured in serum from alcohol(15% v/v), paraquat(200ppm), alcohol and paraquat, and combination of sodium selenite(4ppm) in drinking water-fed guinea pigs ad libitum for 4 weeks. A total of 68 healthy 7-weeks-old male animals were assigned at random to 8 treatment groups(9~13 animals/group). Body and liver weight losses, and high serum concentrations in aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT, in only paraquat group), $\gamma$-glutamyltranspeptidase($\gamma$-GTP), cholesterol(Cho), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen(BUN), total bilirubin(TB), direct bilirubin(DB), total protein(TP), albumin and globulin as well as low values in alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and glucose were produced in a groups of alcohol or paraquat-fed. These values were not potentiated in a group given the combination of alcohol plus paraquat. Morphological changes in the liver were also observed in the alcohol or paraquat-fed group. Lipid droplet and cell swelling in the hepatocytes were observed in alcohol-fed guinea pig, especially Mallory's hyaline arounded hepatic vein. In the paraquat-fed guinea pig, lipid droplet, pyknosis and karyolysis were observed. When alcohol or paraquat was combined with selenium-fed, hyperplasia of Kupffer cell in liver were observed. However, the mean ALT, $\gamma$-GTP, Cho, BUN, TB, TP, albumin and globulin values were lower in groups given the combination of alcohol and/or paraquat plus selenium, compared with groups given alcohol and/or paraquat. Also, the ratio of liver weight to body weight and ALP values(exception of paraquat plus selenium group) were increased by selenium. These results suggest that an adequate selenium confers marked protection against alcohol and paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.635-645
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• 1994

The environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a significant hygenic problem. Recently it is said the garlic supplementation in diet have protective effect on the heavy metal accumulation in tissue of rat by a researcher. In this study two experiments were undertaken. Firstly, dogs were fed diet supplemented with cadmium of cadmium plus 7% of raw garlic for 50 days. on the 50th day of experiment all dogs were euthanasied and the cadmium content of various tissue were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometeric method. Secondly, in order to find out the toxic effect of garlic dogs were fed diet supplemented with 7% of raw garlic for 50 days and hematological or hematochemical observations were undertaken at 10 day intervals. The results obtained from these experiments were summarized as follows; 1. In dogs treated with cadmium and cadmium plus garlic cadmium was accumulated in renal cortex, liver, and muscle. However the concentrations of cadmium showed no significant between the two group. 2. In dogs fed diets supplemented with 7% of raw garlic significant decrease of erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin content and significant increase of Heinz body erythrocyte and reticulocyte count were recognized. 3. The garlic-treated dogs and control dogs had normal asparate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphotase, blood urea nitrogen value. The value showed no significant difference between the two group. 4. From these results it may be concluded that the garlic have protective effect for cadmium accmulation in tissue and excess garlic in diet could induce hemolytic anemia in dogs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate the antitumor, hepatoprotective and antimutagenic activities on hot water extract of Phellinus gilvus (PGE). Growth of tumor in mice that were orally given $0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0g\;kg^{-1}$ dose of PGE was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The hepatoprotective effect of PGE in the carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-intoxicated rats was studied. In $CCl_4$ + PGE group, PGE was orally administered with 100 mg/kg/day dose 7 days before the treatment of $CCl_4$. The serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in $CCl_4$ + PGE group were decreased at a rate of 59.6% and 54.1% compared with those in $CCl_4$ group, respectively (p < 0.05). Also, total cholesterol and triglyceride in $CCl_4$ + PGE group were significantly decreased at a rate of 90% and 73.6% compared with those in $CCl_4$ group (p < 0.05). In the Ames test, we confirmed PGE doesn't have any activity as a mutant, and PGE showed inhibitory effect against mutagenesis induced by 2-amino fluride and sodium azide in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and TA1535 in a dose-dependent manner. From the above results, we may suggest that PGE might have useful as a material for functional food and/or animal pharmaceutics.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 2007

This study investigated the protective effects of ethylene glycol-bis(${\beta}$-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), an extracellular calcium chelator, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which chelates calcium and most metal ions, against carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice. Mice were treated with EGTA or EDTA at a dose of 20 (low) or 100 mg/kg (high) subcutaneously 1h before $CCl_4$ administration. The mice were fasted and sacrificed 18h after $CCl_4$ treatment. Blood samples were collected from the carotid artery by decapitation under light ether anesthesia. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol levels were measured. Malondialdehyde (MDA) production was determined as an index of lipid peroxidation in the liver. The liver, kidneys, and spleen were weighed. We also evaluated the histopathological changes in the liver in each group. The relative weights of the liver were significantly higher in the $CCl_4$-treatment group than in the normal group, except in the high-EDTA treatment group. EGTA and EDTA treatment caused a significant decrease in serum ALP, ALT, and AST levels. Of all of the doses of EGTA and EDTA tested, the high-EDTA dose resulted in the most remarkable inhibitory action. The protective effect in the high-EDTA-treatment group was confirmed histopathologically. The low-EGTA-treatment group showed a significant decrease in serum TG and cholesterol levels. Liver MDA levels were significantly decreased in the EGTA (20 mg/kg) and EDTA (20, 100 mg/kg) groups. These results suggest that EDTA, which chelates both calcium and metal ions, confers better protection in $CCl_4$-induced acute liver damage than does EGTA, a calcium chelator.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.88-89
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• 2011

To investigate liver toxicity of traditional rice wine, traditional rice wine was prepared by using cooked rice, Rhizopus stolonifier No. 17 nuruk and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After concentrated the traditional rice wine, it was orally administered into Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats and then changes of its body weight and biochemical parameters of the blood were investigated. All of male and female SD rats did not show any changes in its body weight during two weeks after administering the traditional rice wine concentrates and also biochemical parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST or GOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT of GOT) and alkaline phosphatase activity were not different compared to control. This results indicated that the traditional rice wine has not any toxicity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2004

Purpose: Several risk factors related with chronic complications and mortality related with liver injury of mushroom poisoning were reported. But, there were few reports about the long term outcomes. The aim was to evaluate the long term clinical outcomes in mushroom poisoning regarding the risk factors. Methods: Clinical data were reviewed and outcomes were evaluated with medical records and/or telephone interviews. The patients who had one or more risk factors such as markedly elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT), prolonged prothrombin time (PT) were classified into high risk group. Patients had no risk factor classified into low risk group. Results: From June 1989 to December 2003, nineteen mushroom poisoning patients admitted to Asan Medical Center, seven were male, and mean age was $58\pm9$ years old. All the patients accidentally ingested and the interval from ingestion to symptom onset was $9\pm4$ hours. There were four patients in high risk group, and fifteen in low risk group. In high risk group, peak AST was $2,263.3\pm1,303.0IU/L$most prolonged PT was $38.0\pm27.4\%$, and stuporous mental status was shown in one patient. In low risk group, laboratory values returned to the normal values but histological evaluation revealed specific features of toxic hepatitis on sixth hospital day. Chronic complications such as persistent or chronic hepatitis, mortality was not occurred during follow up period (from 10 months to 16 years) in both groups. Conclusion: Although the number of patients were small, there were no chronic complications or mortality related with liver injury after mushroom poisoning regardless risk factors of chronic complications and mortality.