• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2000

Gamma irradiation at 20 kGy was applied to Kanjang (soy sauce), Doenjang (soybean paste), Kochujang (hot pepper pasts) and Chungkukjang for their possible genotoxicity. The genotoxicity of 20 kGy-irradiated samples was evaluated by Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay. The Salmonella tester strains included TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 in the absence and presence of an exogenous metabolizing system (59 mix). All samples were negative in the bacterial reversion assay with S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537. The results indicated that 20 kGy of gamma irradiation on water-soluble fraction of Kanjang, Doenjang, Kochujang and Chungkukjang were not shown mutagenicity.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.136-140
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• 1999

The mutagenicities and antimutagenicities of butanol (PL I) and water (PL II) extracts from the filtrate of the cultured broth of Phellinus linteus were examined using the Ames/Salmonella test. No mutagenic activity of PL I and PL II was found in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, either with or without S9 activation. In contrast, PL I and PL II showed inhibitory effects on the mutagenic activities induced by the directly-acting mutagens, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) using the tester strain TA98 and sodium azide (NaN3) using the tester strain TA 100 in the absence of S9 mix. PLI and PL II also showed inhibitory effects on the mutagenicities of the indirectly-acting mutagens, 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) using the tester strain TA98 and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) using the tester strain TA 100 in the presence of S9. These results suggest that P. linteus has an antimutagenic activity and may play a role in the prevention of cancer.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.43-46
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• 1999

Taurine is known to suppress oxidant-induced tissue injury by stabilizing biomembrane and scavanging free radicals. The purpose of this study was to determne the antioxidative and antimutabenic acitvities of taurine, ad to compare those acitivities with major antioxidants. For the measurement of antioxidative capacity, 0.05 , 0.1,0.5 and 1.0mg/ml of taurine, L-Ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, and BHT (dibuty hydroxiy toluene)were prepared and tested for their ability to donate electrons to DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl). Antimutagenic acitivity was examined using the Ames salmonela test system at concentrations of 600, 900 and 1200ug/ml. Results indicated that taurine possesses electron-donating capacity, however, the degree of donation was very weak compared to the major antioxidants tested. However, taurine was evaluated as a potent mutation suppressor. Antimutagenic capacity was in increasing order BHT>taurine>L-ascorbic acid>alpha-tocopherol at concentrations of 600 and 900ug/ml. There was a dose-dependent increase in antimutabenicity of these compounds , however, antimutagenity of the 900ug taurie/plate was not significantly differently from that of 1200ug taurine/plate. These results indicate that taurine effectively suppresses the mutagenicity of AFB1 without noticeable elelctron donating ability.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2017

Background: The present study was carried out to asses whether mulberry leaves (MLs) have the potential to inhibit the mutagenic effect of cigarette smoke condensates (CSCs). Methods and Results: ML powder was extracted with 70% ethanol, and a yield of 35.1% by weight was obtained. The 70% ethanol extract of ML was further extracted sequentially using diethyl ether, chloroform, butanol, dichloromethane and water. The crude 70% ethanol extract of MLs and its solvent fractions did not show any mutagenic effect when tested at concentrations up to 1 mg/plate against Salmonella typhimurium TA98. In contrast, the crude 70% ethanol extract showed an inhibitory activity against the mutagenicity of CSCs in the presence of S-9 mixture. Among the solvent fractions, the diethyl ether fraction showed the highest inhibitory activity, which increased in a dose-dependent manner, inhibiting mutagenesis by approximately 97.1% at a concentration of 1 mg/plate. Conclusions: In this study, we found that a crude 70% ethanol extract of MLs and the diethyl ether fraction themselves are potentially not mutagenic, but inhibit the mutagenic effect of CSCs.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.53-58
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• 1998

For evaluating the mutagenic potential of 2-carbomethoxy-4-chlorodiethyl phosphate, three different short-term mutagenicity tests were used; Salmonella typhimurium preincubation assay with and without rat liver microsomal activation, chromosome aberration test in cultured chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell and in vivo micronucleus test in male mice bone marrow. In Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay using TA98, TA100, TAl535 and TAl537, 2-carbomethoxy-4-chlorodiethyl phosphate did not show any mutagenic response in the presence and absence of S9 mix. It did not induce any significant structural chromosome aberrations in the absence of metabolic activation. In micronucleus test using ICR mice, the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) increased in bone marrow cells treated with positive control, mitomycin-C, but 2-carbomethoxy-4-chlorodiethyl phosphate did not increase micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. These results indicate that 2-carbomethoxy-4-chlorodiethyl phosphate does not show any positive responses in short-term genotoxicity assays.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1192-1200
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• 2004

Gamma irradiations at 5 or 10 kGy were applied to salted and fermented anchovy sauce, for improving the hygiene Quality and evaluating the genotoxicological safety. In vitro genotoxicological safety of irradiated sauces was evaluated by Salmonella Typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TAI535 and TAI537) and E. coli WP2 uvrA, reversion assay, SOS chromotest (Escherichia coli PQ37), and chromosome aberration test (Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells) in the absence or presence of an exogenous metabolizing system (S9 mix). The gamma-irradiated samples were not significantly different from nonirradiated-control for three in vitro tests (p＜0.05). ：In vivo micronucleus test using ICR mice (male) was not significantly different from the control at p＜0.05. The salted and fermented anchovy sauce exposed to 5 or 10 kGy-gamma ray revealed negative results in these three in vitro mutagenetic tests and in vivo micronucleus test upto 50,000 $\mu$g/plate, respectively. The results indicated that 5 or 10 kGy gamma-irradiated salted and fermented anchovy sauces did not show any mutagenicity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.67-83
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the single dose toxicity with oral administration and genotoxicities of Ssanghwa-tang fermented with Lactobacillus acidophyllus. Materials and Methods: Clinical signs, weight changes, lethal doses$(LD_{50})$, and postmortem evaluation were determined by Globally Harmonized Classification System(GHCS) in a single-dose oral toxicity study. In vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test was conducted with Ames test by cell proliferation suppression assessment using the cultivated CHO-K1(Chinese hamster ovary fibroblast) origins. Bacterial reversion assay was performed using Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA). In vivo micronucleus test was performed using ICR mouse bone marrow. Results: No clinical sign was observed and none of the groups with doses up to 2000 mg/kg showed significant acute oral toxicity in the single dose oral administration. None of the sample doses taken during the 6 to 18 hour groups showed significant aberrant metaphases comparing to the negative control group in the in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test. No evidence of mutagenicity was seen for Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) or Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537). No significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei was seen in the micronucleus test. Conclusion: These results indicate that the $LD_{50}$ value of Ssanghwa-Tang fermented with Lactobacillus acidophyllus may be over 2000 mg/kg and it have no acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2007

The isolated plantamajoside from Plantago asiatica that is often used as a marker compound in chemotaxonomic studies has various bioactivites such as the inhibitions of cyclic AMP phosphodi-esterase and 5-lipoxygenase, microbial growth and inflammation, and currently demands the generation of toxicity data. The purpose of this study was to examine the toxicities of the single and 14 days repeated dose toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats orally administrated with plantamajoside at dose levels of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg of dried material/kg body weight/day. The results showed that there was no difference in body weight change, food intake, water consumption, or relative organ weight among different dose groups. Also we observed no death and abnormal clinical signs were observed during the experimental period. Between the groups orally administered Plantago asiatica and the control group, there was no statistical significance in hematological test or serum biochemical values. There were no gross findings at final sacrifice. There was no evidence of histopathological alteration mediated by 14 days treatment with Plantago asiatica. These results suggest that no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the oral application was considered to be more than 2000 mg/kg in rats under the conditions employed in this study. Another observation was performed to investigate the safety of Plantago asiatica in respect of genotoxicity. This substance was examined that Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (Ames test) in strain TA98, TA100, TA1535. In the reverse mutation test, Plantago asiatica did not induce mutagenicity in Samonella typhimurium with and without metabolic activation. These results indicated that Plantago asiatica had no genotoxicity.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the antimutagenic and antioxidative activities of pine pollen with respect to the microbial mutation induced by various mutagens such as 1-NP, daunomycin, 2-NF, MNNG, NaN$_3$, 4NQO, 4-NOPD, AFB$_1$, Trp-P-1, 2-AF and oxidative mutagens such as t-BOOH, H$_2$O$_2$. Pine pollen, originally extracted with hexane, was reextracted with 70% methanol. The results obtained using the methanol extract, in terms of the antimutagenicity observed in relation to ten kinds of mutagens, showed that it exhibited 17.8, 82.2 and 80.9% inhibitory effects against daunomycin, AFB$_1$, and Trp-P-1, respectively, in Salmonella. typhimurium TA98 and a 72.3% inhibitory effect against AFB$_1$in S. tyPhimurium TA100. In terms of the antimutagenicity exhibited in relation to t-BOOH, a 72.3% inhibitory effect was observed, but no antimutagenicity was observed in relation to the other mutagens and strains. The methanol extract was further fractionated by chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol. In S. typhimurium TA98, the chloroform(150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate) fraction showed strong antimutagenic effects of 55.6%, 93.7% and 93.5%, while the ethyl acetate(100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate) fraction showed 11.4%, 74.3% and 85.2% in relation to the mutagenicity induced by daunomycin, AFB$_1$and Trp-P-1, respectively. In S. typhimurium TA100, the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed antimutagenic effects of 95.1% and 62.5%, respectively, on the mutagenicity induced by AFB$_1$. In S. typhimurium TA102, the chloroform fraction showed an antimutagenic effect of 93.6% on the mutagenicity induced by t-BOOH.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.17-26
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• 2011

This study was performed to analyze the antibacterial activity against food hazardous microorganisms and antimutagenic effects of Sanguisorba officinalis L. ethanol extracts on Salmonella Typhimurium TA100. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by paper disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and optical density of the culture with the ethanol extract for 24 hr. Antibacterial activity was tested with seven microorganisms including Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The paper disc diffusion assay showed distinct clear inhibition zones around the discs treated with the extract for five microorganisms, except Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli O157:H7. MIC values were 0.625-2.5 mg/mL for these five strains that showed clear zones. The time-kill assay was consistent with the results from the paper disc diffusion assay and MIC test. Additionally, antimutagenicity of the extract was determined using the Ames test. The ethanol extract at 5 mg/plate inhibited 72.42% and 89.85% of mutagenicity induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and sodium azide, respectively. These results demonstrate that the ethanol extract from S. officinalis L. has remarkable antibacterial activity and antimutagenicity.