• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2001

대기분진의 영향을 분석한 역학적 연구들은 분석방법의 오류, 생물학적인 타당성, 혼란변수의 통제 등 여러 가지 제한점들을 갖고 있기 때문에 이를 해석할 때 주의를 요한다. 그러나 대기분진역학연구들이 여러 가지 다른 연구방법과 자료원, 그리고 분석기법 등을 적용하였는데도 불구하고 연구결과간에 일치성이 매우높기 때문에 대기분진의 인체효과에 대한 연구결과가 일정한 방법론적인 또는 분석상의 오류에 의해서 나타났을 가능성은 거의 없다. 역학적 연구들이 생물학적인 타당성에 대한 상세한 근거를 제시하기는 어렵지만 서로 다른 연구들의 결과가 호흡기질환 및 심혈관계질환에 대한 건강영향을 나타내고 있으나 기타 질환에 대해서는 의미있는 결과들이 거의 없다는 것은 대기분진이 호흡기질환 및 심혈관계질환에 미치는 생물학적인 기전의 근거를 강하게 나타낸다고 할 수 있다. 대기분진 역학연구의 또 다른 중요한 관심사는 혼란변수의 통제 문제이다. 혼란변수란 노출과 질병에 서로 연관되어 있는 다른 위험인자가 분석에서 적절하게 통제되지 못하였을 때 이로 인하여 대기분진과 건강영향의 관련성이 잘못 나타나는 것을 말한다. 그러나 역시 서로 다른 연구들에서 여러 가지 혼란변수가 관련성에 영향을 미쳤다면 여러 지역의 다양한 연구에서 일정한 결과를 제시하기는 어려웠을 것이므로 대기분진과 건강영향의 관련성이 혼란변수의 부적절한 처리 때문에 나타난 것이라고 보기는 어렵다. 물론 대기분진 이외의 가스상 오염 물질이 같이 존재하고 또 서로간의 상관성이 매우 높기 때문에 이러한 대기오염 물질의 영향을 완전히 통제한 상태에서 대기분진만의 영향을 관찰한다는 것은 매우 어려운 일이다. 따라서 다중 공선성의 문제나 교차효과의 문제 등이 앞으로 대기분진 역학연구의 과제일 것이다. 결론적으로, 대기분진이 사망률 및 병원 내원율 등에 미치는 영향은 확립되었다고 보아도 될 것이다. 또한 우리나라의 연구들을 통하여 대기분진의 건강영향은 예외 없이 우리에게도 나타나는 문제라는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 이러한 역학적 관련성에 대한 성과에도 불구하고 발생기전의 평가, 감수성 인구집단의 확인, 예방 및 관리 대책 마련 등 앞으로 해야 할 과제가 많이 남아있다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.217-225
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• 2016

The purpose of the study was to initially investigate the concentration patterns of $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ in the Seoul subway lines, and then to figure out the PM behaviors of internal and external sources inside subway tunnels. The PMs were monitored by a light scattering real-time monitor during winter (Jan. 8-26 in 2015) and summer (July 2-Aug. 7 in 2015) in tunnel air, in passenger cabin air, and in the ambient air. The daily average $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_1$ concentrations on these object lines were $101.3{\pm}38.4$, $81.5{\pm}30.2$, and $59.7{\pm}19.9{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On an average, the PM concentration was about 1.2 times higher in winter than in summer and about 1.5 times higher in underground tunnel sections than in ground sections. In this study, we also calculated extensively the average PM mass ratios for $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$, $PM_1/PM_{10}$, and $PM_1/PM_{2.5}$; for example, the range of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio in tunnel air was 0.82-0.86 in underground tunnel air, while that was 0.48-0.68 in outdoor ground air. The ratio was much higher in tunnel air than in outdoor air and was always higher in summer than in winter in case of outdoor air. It seemed from the results that the in/out air quality as well as a proper amount of subway ventilation must be significant influence factors in terms of fine PM management and control for the tunnel air quality improvement.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2024

Background: Air pollutants have been reported to have harmful effects on human health. Busan is a vulnerable area in terms of air quality due to the installation of various industrial complexes, particularly the port industry. However there is limited research data on the ambient air quality of residential areas near ports and industrial complexes. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the quarterly levels of air pollutants near industrial complexes and ports and to identify trends and characteristics of air pollutant exceedances. Methods: Air measurements were conducted quarterly. The measured air pollutants included O₃, SO₂, CO, NO₂, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5. PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were measured using BAM-1020 equipment, while O₃, SO₂, CO, and NO₂ were measured using AP-370 Series equipment. The quarterly concentration levels of air pollutants were determined, and the influence of precipitation and commuting hours on fine particulate matter was examined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine if there was significance between the concentrations of fine particulate matter during commuting hours and non-commuting hours. Results: The concentrations of air pollutants were generally higher in the first and second quarters. Furthermore, the concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 tended to decrease continuously following consecutive rainfall, with concentrations at the end of rainfall periods lower than those observed at the beginning. The frequency of exceeding average concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was higher on weekdays. Moreover, the average concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 during weekday commuting hours were higher compared to non-commuting hours. Conclusions: The concentrations of air pollutants in the survey area were found to be higher than the overall average in Busan. Based on this study, continuous air quality monitoring is necessary for residential areas near industrial complexes and ports. For further research, health biomonitoring of residents in these areas should be conducted to assess their exposure levels.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2022

Atmospheric aerosols have become a major environmental concern because of their adverse effects on human health, air quality, and climate change. Over the last few decades, several mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques have been developed and applied in the field of atmospheric aerosol research. Particularly, real-time measurement of ambient aerosols using an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) has become one of the most powerful tools for aerosol chemistry. This review provides a brief description of AMS and its applications for understanding the physicochemical properties of atmospheric aerosols, as well as its sources and evolution processes.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.82-90
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• 1998

A large number of studies have indicated associations between particulate air pollution and daily mortality. Daily measurements of total suspended particulates (TSP) by high volume air sampler were matched to daily death counts supplied by the National Statistics Office, Korea. All deaths, except deaths from accidents, occurred at Ulsan from 1 January 1991 to 31 December 1994 were considered in the poisson regression analysis. The multiple regression models were used to investigate a main effects of air particulate pollution controlling for $SO_2$ levels, air temperature, relative humidity, seasonal variation, and calendar year. The results indicated that the effects of TSP, $SO_2$, temperature, and relative humidity were not significantly associated with all cause mortality. It could, however, be emphasized that the size of the parameter estimate of TSP was very similar to that of previous studies. An increase in particulates of $100{\mu}g/m^3$ was associated with a 3% increase in mortality. This relationship was observed at TSP levels well below the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard of $150{\mu}g/m^3$ in Korea as well.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.498-506
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• 2007

이 논문에서는 최근 서울시에서 시행하고 있는 대기오염 개선을 위한 정책 중 하나인 승용차 요일제가 대기오염도 저감에 어느 정도 효과가 있는지를 밝히려고 하였다. 먼저, 승용차 요일제와 같은 형태인 차량 2부제의 효과에 대한 연구에서 서로 다른 결론을 내고 있는 두 논문 김철희 등(2005)과 Lee et al.(2005)을 분석해 보았다. 분석 결과, 언뜻 보기에 전혀 다른 결론을 내리고 있는 것 같았던 두 논문은 문제에 접근하는 시각이 달랐기 때문에 다른 결론에 이른 것일 뿐, 기본적으로 같은 사실에 동의하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 두 연구 모두 대기오염도는 오염물질의 배출량과 매일매일의 기상조건에 의해 결정된다는 사실이다. 가장 최근의 자동차 관련 자료를 활용하여 2002년도 차량 2부제 시행시, 서울에서의 배출량 변화를 계산하였다. 전체 배출량에 대해 이산화질소는 22.3%, 미세먼지는 5.5%, 아황산가스는 2.4% 저감되었다. 이러한 배출량의 저감이 대기 농도 변화에 미친 기여율을((배출량 변화/대기 농도변화)$\times$100로 정의) 계산한 결과 이산화질소 97%, 미세먼지 28%, 아황산가스 6%였다. 또한, 비산먼지 배출을 고려하여야 정확한 미세먼지 저감 영향을 산출할 수 있음을 알았다.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.367-368
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• 2000

부산은 쾌적하고 깨끗한 도시환경조성으로 향후 2002년 아시안게임 및 월드컵 경기대회를 성공적으로 개최하기 위해 대기오염자동측정소(11개소) 및 대기환경측정차량을 이용하여 부산지역 및 주요 경기장, 마라톤코스 등에 대해 대기질을 측정하고 그 결과를 토대로 대기오염관리 대책을 수립하고 있다. 대도시 지역의 대기오염은 약 70% 가량이 자동차에서 배출되는 오염물질에 의한 것으로 부산의 경우 우리나라 제1의 항구도시라는 특성상 콘테이너 차량의 95%가 부산에 집중해 있으며$^{1)}$ , 매년 자동차의 증가율이 약 10%로 지속적으로 증가하고 있으며 낮은 도로율로 인한 자동차의 정체가 가중되어 대기질이 악화되어 마라톤 등의 도로경기는 차량의 배출가스에 절대적으로 많은 영향을 받을 수밖에 없는 현실이다. (중략)

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.517-530
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• 2023

Recent studies revealed that fine dust in ambient air may cause various health problems such as respiratory diseases and cancer. To prevent the toxic effects of fine dust, it is important to predict the concentration of fine dust in advance and to identify factors that are closely related to fine dust. In this study, we developed a Bayesian network model for predicting PM10 concentration in Seoul, Korea, and visualized the relationship between important factors. The network was trained by using air quality and meteorological data collected in Seoul between 2018 and 2021. The study results showed that current PM10 concentration, season, carbon monoxide (CO) were the top 3 effective factors in 24 hours ahead prediction of PM10 concentration in Seoul, and that there were interactive effects.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.708-726
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• 2018

In this study, we examined the contribution of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds emitted from China and Japan to ozone concentrations over Gwangyang-bay, South Korea. We used a chemical transport model, Community Multi-scale Air Quality model, and its instrumented sensitivity tool, High-order Decoupled Direct Method. Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B 2006 for East Asia and Clean Air Policy Support System 2007 emissions inventories for South Korea were used for the ozone simulation. During the study period, May 2007, the modeled maximum daily 8-hr average ozone concentration among seven air quality monitors in Gwangyang-bay was 68.8 ppb. The contribution of $NO_x$ emissions from China was 19.5 ppb (28%). The highest modeled ozone concentrations and Chinese contributions appeared when air parcels were originated from Shanghai area. The observed 8-hr average ozone concentrations in Gwangyang Bay exceeded the national ambient air quality standard (60 ppb) 203 times by daytime and 56 times by nighttime during the period. It was noticed that many exeedances happened when contribution of Chinese emissions to ozone concentrations over the area increased. Sensitivity analysis shows that a reduction in Chinese $NO_x$ and VOC emissions by 15% could lessen the total exceedance hours by 24%. This result indicates that high ozone concentrations over Gwangyang-bay are strongly enhanced by Chinese emissions.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.439-454
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to extensively identify $PM_{10}$ sources and to estimate their contributions to the study area, based on the analysis of the $PM_{10}$ mass concentration and the associated inorganic elements, ions, and total carbon. The contribution of $PM_{10}$ sources was estimated by applying a receptor method because identifying air emission sources were effective way to control the ambient air quality. $PM_{10}$ particles were collected from May to November 2007 in the Yongin-Suwon bordering area. $PM_{10}$ samples were collected on quartz filters by a $PM_{10}$ high-volume air sampler. The inorganic elements (Al, Mn, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Si, Ba, Ti and Ag) were analyzed by an ICP-AES after proper pre-treatments of each sample. The ionic components of these $PM_{10}$ samples ($Cl^_$, $NO_3^-$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $Na^+$, $NH_4^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$) were analyzed by an IC. The carbon components (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, OP, EC1, EC2 and EC3) were also analyzed by DRI/OGC analyzer. Source apportionment of $PM_{10}$ was performed using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. After performing PMF modeling, a total of 8 sources were identified and their contribution were estimated. Contributions from each emission source were as follows: 13.8% from oil combustion and industrial related source, 25.4% from soil source, 22.1% from secondary sulfate, 12.3% from secondary nitrate, 17.7% from auto emission including diesel (12.1%) and gasoline (5.6%), 3.1% from waste incineration and 5.6% from Na-rich source. This study provides information on the major sources affecting air quality in the receptor site, and therefore it will help us maintain and manage the ambient air quality in the Yongin-Suwon bordering area by establishing reliable control strategies for the related sources.