• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.105-121
• /
• 2013

This paper investigates the parameters that control the design of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) reinforced concrete flexural members proportioned following the ACI 440.1R-06. It investigates the critical parameters that control the flexural design, such as the deflection limits, crack limits, flexural capacity, concrete compressive strength, beam span and cross section, and bar diameter, at various Mean-Ambient Temperatures (MAT). The results of this research suggest that the deflection and cracking requirements are the two most controlling limits for FRP reinforced concrete flexural members.

• 한국공작기계학회논문집
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.87-94
• /
• 2004

Recently, technical trend in machine tools is focused on enhancing of speed, accuracy and reliability. The high speed usually results in thermal displacement and structural deformation. To minimize the thermal effect, precision machine tools adopt a high precision cooling system. This study proposes a temperature control for an oil cooler system using Pill control with fuzzy logic. In the cooler system, refrigerant flow rate is controlled by rotational speed of a compressor, and outlet oil temperature is selected as the control variable. The fuzzy control rules iteratively correct PID parameters to minimize the error and difference between the outlet temperature and the reference temperature. Here, ambient temperature is used as the reference one. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, a series of experiments are conducted for an oil cooler system of machine tools, and the results are compared with the ones of a conventional Pill control. The experimental results show that the proposed method has advantages of faster response and smaller overshoot.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.599-606
• /
• 2019

Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of high dietary cation and anion difference (DCAD) rations on diurnal variations in eating and meal patterns, water intake and urination patterns in dairy goats fed under high ambient temperature (HTa). Methods: Ten crossbred dairy goats during peri-parturition period were selected and divided into two groups of five animals each. Experimental diets were control DCAD (control, 22.8 mEq/100 g dry matter [DM]) and high DCAD (DCAD, 39.1 mEq/100 g DM). The composition of two diets consisted of 44% corn silage and 56% concentrate. From the 2nd week to 8th week postpartum, goats were fed ad libitum twice daily either with the control or DCAD total mix ration with free access to water. The spontaneous eating and drinking patterns were determined. Results: The environmental conditions in the present experiment indicated that goats were fed under HTa conditions (average peak THI = 85.2) and were in heat stress. In addition to the typical HTa induced tachypnoea in both groups, the respiratory rate in the DCAD group was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). Although the goats from both groups showed comparable level of eating, drinking and urination during experiment, the meal pattern and water intake were different. High DCAD apparently increased eating and meal patterns compared with the control. At week 8 postpartum, goats from high DCAD group had significant (p<0.05) bigger meal size and longer meal duration. Moreover, high DCAD appeared to increase night-time water intake (p<0.05). Conclusion: Both meal pattern and night-time drinking effects of DCAD suggested that feeding with high DCAD ration may alleviate the effect of heat stress in dairy goat fed under HTa conditions.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제13권10호
• /
• pp.4740-4744
• /
• 2012

본 논문은 Zigbee를 이용한 LED 조명 제어 모듈을 구성 하고자 하였다. LED 조명 제어 모듈은 주변 밝기의 변화에 따라 LED 조명의 밝기를 제어하도록 하였으며, 논문에서 구성된 제어 모듈은 8bit 마이크로 컨트롤러를 사용하여 LED 디밍 및 무선 조도 측정이 가능하도록 구성하였다. 제안된 방법을 적용시 소비전력량 3.4~0.4W의 변화로 평균 48%까지 개선될 수 있다. 측정된 주변 조도값을 ADC 변환하여 설정된 PWM 파형으로 출력하게된다. 이렇게 출력된 파형에 따라 LED Driver에서 출력되는 전류값 변화에 따라 LED 조명의 밝기를 제어하게 된다. 또한 근거리 무선통신이 가능한 Zigbee를 이용하여 무선을 이용한 조도 측정값을 전송가능 하도록 구성하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제18권6호
• /
• pp.527-538
• /
• 2002

In this study, the performance of sampling and of analytical methodology was examined against a number of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ambient air. The canister-based sampling method for VOCs has been a viable and widely used approach that is based on research and evaluation performed over the past several years. VOCs were determined using canisters by GCMSD analysis. A total of target analyses in this study included approximately 30 VOCs designated in TO-l4A categories including BTEX. The methodology for QC(quality control) was intensively investigated with a wide range of performance criteria such as; (1) cleanliness of canisters, (2) reproducibility of diluter, (3) instrumental detection limits of preconcentrator and GCMSD, and (4) precision and accuracy of GCMSD. For most of the compounds tested, precision was less than $\pm$5%, IDL was 0.2 ppbv, accuracy was $\pm$5%, respectively. This study demonstrated that the combination of canister sampling and GC/MSD analysis could be reliably applied to the measurements of BTEX in ppbv levels that are typically observed in/outdoor air environment.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
• /
• 제26권9호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2012

In this paper, we present a new lighting control method considering ambient light in addition to the required lighting illumination for efficient energy saving of a LED stand. We estimate accurate environmental illuminance using a cheap illuminance sensor by modeling measured- and actual-illuminance using quadratic polynomial approximation. The relation between PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) duty ratio and illuminance intensity is modeled by a linear model. Illumination of the LED stand is controlled by estimating the difference of required illumination and the estimated ambient illumination. The developed LED stand has reduced electric energy consumption compared with a conventional manually controlled LED stand with the same lighting source. In addition, human subject evaluation shows that the LED stand, which is applied the proposed method, is more satisfactory than conventional ones since the proposed automatic controlled illumination produce more accurately required lighting and it is convenient.

• 동력기계공학회지
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2007

Existent researches about indoor thermal environment have been focused on to seek human's comfort in daytime. Also researches about thermal comfort during the sleeping time that is important for resting and recharging to modern people have been seldom existed. At present, as global warming phenomenon is being continued, most people are going through inconvenience by sultriness during the sleeping hours in sweltering summer night. Therefore we need another control method of an air conditioner to keep human's thermal comfort. Ambient temperature is a common factor of the environment, but analysis of its effect on human body physiology is still unknown. The effect of ambient temperature on human sleep has been increasingly studied in the last decade. This research investigated about optimal indoor temperature to maintain proper skin temperature and comfortable sleep when indoor air is cooled by an air conditioner in sweltering summer night.

• Ocean Science Journal
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.43-51
• /
• 2006

Concentration and distribution of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni among subcellular fractions (cellular membrane structures and cytosol) and Zn, Cu, Cd among cytoplasmic proteins in the kidney and digestive gland of mussel Modiolus modiolus living along a polymetallic concentration gradient were studied. It was found in the kidney of M. modiolus from contaminated sites that the Fe percent increased in the "membrane" fraction, whereas Zn, Pb, Ni and Mn percent increased in the cytosol compared to the kidney of the control mussel. Note kidney cytosol of M. modiolus from clean and contaminated sites sequestered major parts of Cu and Cd. In the digestive gland of M. modiolus from contaminated sites Fe, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni percent increased in the "membrane" fraction, whereas Cu, Pb percent increased in the cytosol compared to digestive gland of control mussel. Gel-filtration chromatography shows kidney of M. modiolus contains increased metallothionein-like protein levels irrespective of ambient dissolved metal concentrations. It was shown that the metal detoxification system in the kidney and digestive gland of M. modiolus was efficient under extremely high ambient metal levels. However, under complex environmental contamination in the kidney of M. modiolus, the metal detoxification capacity of metallothionein-like proteins was damaged.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국환경독성학회 2002년도 추계국제학술대회
• /
• pp.155-155
• /
• 2002

Ambient urban particulate matters contain various transition metals. When the particulate matters are inhaled into the lung, not all but some part of metals from the particles might be mobilized to participate in a reaction that can damage various biomolecules, such as DNA and proteins. The dust particle size as well as organic acids may influence the metal mobilization. Thus, the mobilization of the metal from SRM1648 (NIST, USA) and urban particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) was measured in the presence of artificial or biological chelator with or without reductant. The degree of the mobilization was higher with the artificial or biological chelator than the control with saline. In some cases, a reductant increased the mobilization as much as about 5 times the control without the reductant. Especially, the mobilization of Fe was greatly influenced by the presence of reductants. In general, the degree of the mobilization of the transition metal was higher with PM2.5 than with PM10. Therefore, it is expected that, considering the previously known toxicities of the transition metals, the PM2.5 is more damaging to various biomolecules than PM10. The results also suggest that not the total amount but the mobilizable fraction of the metal in the dust particles should be considered with regard to the toxicity of the urban particulate matters.

• 한국추진공학회지
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.48-55
• /
• 2012

우주발사체 자세제어용 하이드라진 추력기의 지상연소시험을 수행하였다. 시험에 사용된 추력기는 추진제 주입압력 2.41 MPa (350 psia) 에서 정상상태 공칭추력 67 N (15 $lb_f$) 을 목표로 설계/제작 되었다. 개발모델 추력기의 성능특성 검토를 위해 정상상태 연소모드에서의 추력, 추진제 공급압력, 질량유량, 추력실 압력, 그리고 온도 등의 성능변수를 이용한다. 시험결과, 실제의 성능이 이론 요구규격 대비 89.1% 이상의 성능효율을 만족하는 것이 확인되었다.