• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.102-114
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• 1998

Ecotourism has surged from conflicts between negative impacts of mass tourism and environmental issues. As an alternative tourism, ecotourism compromises extensively environmental, economic, educational, and cultural concerns. Ecotourism can be defined as environment-based tourism that ensures sustainable growth and development through conservation of natural and human environment, promotion of regional economy, and provision of tourism service in natural environment areas. Ecotourism should consider two key challenges; an effective means that may protect local economy through tourist-based income and improvement of residential circumstances, and role as leisure space that can improve tourist's experiences. The purpose of this study was to summarize ecotourism concepts through literature search and develop an ecotourism planning framework for Korean rural communities. In addition, developed planning framework in this study was applied to Jeongdori area, Wandogun, Korea as a case study in order to analyze its feasibility. A trial application in Jeongdori area demonstrated a possibility that ecotourism planning framework can be successfully adopted to a wide range of Korean rural communities. To ensure objectivity of framework, systematic case studies must be done in the future.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 1987

Alternative methods were used in the field of infertility as the latest means for the treatment of misconception. Artificial insemination, which has been commonly used already, IVF-ET and GIFT are also used as artificicial method for conception presently. Appling such methods to the patient, following three categories should be considered; first, there should be an understanding and an agreement from the patient, second, if possible, reduce the cost of hospital expense and relieve physical and emotional problems of the patient, and third, increcrsing the pregnancy rate. Under these considerations, complication and pitfalls of artifical inseminations are a big burden to the physian and the patient. Though the conicicental complications are relatively very rare, detailed laboratoy tests, carefull examinations, and follow-up studies are necessary. In the distribution of the age groups, 40.3% was in the 25 to 29 years group, 30 to 34 years was 45%. 35 to 39 years was 8% and only 3.2% was above the 40 age groups. The range of infertile periods were from 1 to 17 years, and half of the patients were over 5 years, the other group 20% in 3 years and 2 to 4 years were 10%. Among 159 cycles of artificial insemination, there were complications such as infection(1.9%) and discomfort(5%) and abnormal bleeding (0.6%). During pregnancy, clinical abortion (1.9%) and toxemia (2.5%) were shown. Sex of new born infants were, male (68%) and female (31%). Fortunately, there were no cases of psychological complication and genetic abnormality. Indications of artificial insemination for male factors were aspermia (2.5%), azoospermia (28.8%), oligospermia (26.4%) and asthenozoospermia (1.8%), for female factors were irregular cycle (11.7%) and dysmucorrhea.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.177-196
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to explore the antecedent factors and process of the treatment-seeking behaviors of medical and alternative treatments in patients with arthritis using methodological triangulation. The data were collected from 995 arthritic patients who were registered either in a center of rheumatology for medical treatment or residents of community having no treatment to classify different treatment patterns. Sixteen patients with various types of treatment only, alternative treatment only, and no treatment were selected among the total samples to identify the antecedent factors through in-depth interview. The quantitative data were analyzed by percentile, t-test, chi-square test and discrimant analysis using SAS PC program, while the qualitative data were analyzed by means of grounded theory methodology. Treatment-seeking behaviors of patients change from the early stage to the sick-role stage. At the early stage, initial characteristics of pain and acculturation of medical professionalism affect the choice of treatment patterns. The acculturation of medical professionalism is affected by health care accessibility, level of education, duration of sickness and lay referral system. At the sick-role stage, lay referral system and acculturation of medical professionalism affect the choice of treatment patterns. The acculturation of medical professionalism is affected by characteristics of symtoms, perceived treatment effects, perceived causes of diseases and socio-economic status as well as health care accessibility, level of education and lay referral system. In conclusion, different factors as well as common factors are influencing the treatment-seeking behaviors depending on the disease and treatment stages. More detailed further studies are required to explore the value system or medical acculturation of patients which is one of the most important factors in decision-making about treatment modalities.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.246-252
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to obtain a natural antibiotic from Phenol-rich compounds; for the dressing and the treatment of chronic wounds. Methods: The Phenol-rich compound sweet gel was prepared by blending four natural herbal extracts, Acacia catechu (L.F.), Momia (Shilajit), Castanea sativa, and Ephedra sinica stapf, with combination of a sweet gel medium, including honey, maple saps, Phoenix dactylifera L. (date), pomegranate extract and Azadirachta indica gum as a stabilizer. The combinations were screened by using a well-diffusion assay with cloxacillin as a control. Pseudomonas spp. was tested with our novel antimicrobial compound. The zones of inhibition in agar culture were measured for each individual component and for the compound, and the results were compared with those of the control group which had been treated with cloxacillin. Data were expressed as means ${\pm}$ standard deviations. Quantitative analyses were performed using the paired t-test. Results: The antibiotic effect of the Phenol-rich compound sweet gel was statistically shown to be more significant than that of cloxacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our novel approach to fighting the antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas proved to be successful. The Phenol-rich compound sweet gel was found to be suitable for use as an alternative medicine and bioactive dressing material, for the treatment of patients with various types of wounds, including burns, venous leg ulcers, ulcers of various etiologies, leg ulcers on the feet of diabetic, unhealed graft sampling sites, abscesses, boils, surgical wounds, necrotic process, post-operative and neonatal wound infection, and should be considered as an alternative to the usual methods of cure.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.112-118
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• 2013

The selection of appropriate ground motions and reasonable modification are becoming increasingly critical in reliable prediction on seismic performance of structures. A widely used amplitude scaling approach is not sufficient for robust structural evaluation considering a site specific seismic hazard because only one spectral value is matched to the design spectrum typically at the structural fundamental period. Hence alternative approaches for ground motion selection and modifications have been suggested. However, there is no means to evaluate such methodologies yet. In this study, it is focused to describe the main questions resided in the amplitude scaling approach and to propose a regression model for structural damage as point of comparison. Spectrum compatible approach whose resulting spectrum matches the design spectrum at the entire range of the structural period is considered as alternative to be compared to the amplitude scaling approach. The design spectrum is generated according to ASCE7-05.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.365-372
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• 2015

Augmentative and Alternative Communication(AAC) is the widespread supporting plan to solve the communication problem of the people with communication disorder. AAC means various types of non-verbal communication methods that are used to augment or substitute the communications of using speech. With the increasing number of potential Korean AAC users, the demands for AAC are also increasing. In spite of the increasing demands, AAC is not being actively and practically used. In this paper, we implemented a web-based AAC board making system, where the board-makers (special educators and speech therapists) can create and share the customized boards to help the board-users (people with communication disorder). The web-based AAC board making system contributes to the application of AAC in many societies, such as hospitals, schools, companies, or anywhere the AAC intervention is needed.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.243-254
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• 1992

In the present study two sets of unbalanced two-way cross-classification data with and without empty cell(s) were used to evaluate empirically the various sums of squares in the analysis of variance table. Searle(1977) and Searle et.al.(1981) developed a method of computing R($\alpha$\mid$\mu, \beta$) and R($\beta$\mid$\mu, \alpha$) by the use of partitioned matrix of X'X for the model of no interaction, interchanging the columns of X in order of $\alpha, \mu, \beta$ and accordingly the elements in b. An alternative way of computing R($\alpha$\mid$\mu, \beta$), R($\beta$\mid$\mu, \alpha$) and R($\gamma$\mid$\mu, \alpha, \beta$) without interchanging the columns of X has been found by means of,$(X'X)^-$ derived, using $W_2 = Z_2Z_2-Z_2Z_1(Z_1Z_1)^-Z_1Z_2$. It is true that $R(\alpha$\mid$\mu,\beta,\gamma)\Sigma = SSA_W and R(\beta$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\gamma)\Sigma = SSB_W$ where $SSA_W$ and means analysis and $R(\gamma$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\beta) = R(\gamma$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\beta)\Sigma$ for the data without empty cell, but not for the data with empty cell(s). It is also noticed that for the datd with empty cells under W - restrictions $R(\alpha$\mid$\mu,\beta,\gamma)_W = R(\mu,\alpha,\beta,\gamma)_W - R(\mu,\alpha,\beta,\gamma)_W = R(\alpha$\mid$\mu) and R(\beta$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\gamma)_W = R(\mu,\alpha,\beta,\gamma)_W - R(\mu,\alpha,\beta,\gamma)_W = R(\beta$\mid$\mu) but R(\gamma$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\beta)_W = R(\mu,\alpha,\beta,\gamma)_W - R(\mu,\alpha,\beta,\gamma)_W \neq R(\gamma$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\beta)$. The hypotheses $H_o : K' b = 0$ commonly tested were examined in the relation with the corresponding sums of squares for $R(\alpha$\mid$\mu), R(\beta$\mid$\mu), R(\alpha$\mid$\mu,\beta), R(\beta$\mid$\mu,\alpha), R(\alpha$\mid$\mu,\beta,\gamma), R(\beta$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\gamma), and R(\gamma$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\beta)$ under the restrictions.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.205-226
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• 2018

For sustainable development of air transport, the establishment and application of international standards of environmental protection area is significant. The development and use of alternative fire extinguishing agent to Halon, which is used for the fire extinguishing systems of engine nacelles/APU and cargo compartments, has been requested in order to protect the ozone layer. The ICAO has been active in preparing international standards and recommended practices (SARPs); however, certification of alternative fire extinguishing agents has been postponed due to technical readiness problem.. Consequently, the implementation of SARPs has also been postponed by two years from the end of 2016. to the end of 2018. As such consequences have caused confusion among Member States regarding its implementation, it is necessary to discuss and pay more attention to this issue. ICAO Council and Air Navigation Commission should consider between setting the implementation time frame earlier or giving enough time for mature readiness and preparedness. Also in order to minimize the unnecessary discharge of Halon owned by Member States, it is necessary to consider efficient management methodologies; for example, requesting fire extinguisher manufacturers to recharge in professional ways. For the successful implementation of the SARPs, ICAO developed an implementation task list as including notification of differences, establishment of a national implementation plan, drafting of the modification to the national regulations and means of compliance, adoption of the national regulations and means of compliance. Member States can develop their own rule making process in reference with the ICAO implementation task list. This issue was presented and discussed during the 54th Conference of Directors General of civil aviation, Asia and Pacific Regions which was held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia in 2017 with significant attention among participated Contacting States. In this regards, ICAO Council and Air Navigation Commission should consult with Legal Bureau lawyers regarding SARPs preparing process to eliminate difficulties and confusions for proper implementation within effective date.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.61-91
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• 2005

It is well recognized that the availability of prompt, effective and economical means of dispute resolution is an important element in the orderly growth and encouragement of international trade and investment. Increasingly, ADR(Alternative Dispute Resolution) including arbitration and mediation, instead of litigation in national courts, has become the preferred means of resolving private international commercial disputes. Under the situation, efforts for settlement of trade and investment disputes by ADR have been made between Korea and China through trade and investment agreements and arbitration agreement. Judging from the importance of economic exchange between Korea and Qingdao including Shandong Province, The Korean Commercial Arbitration Board(KCAB) and The Qingdao Arbitration Commission(QAC) should strengthen mutual cooperation to develop efficient methods of resolving commercial disputes arising between the two countries and to assist parties in solving those disputes through conclusion of arbitral agreement. Recently, efforts for conclusion of a Korea-China-Japan Free Trade Agreement(FTA) received strong support at Korea-Japan and Korea-China Summit Meeting held on June and July, 2003 respectively. If the conclusion of FTA among the three countries would be realized, it would promote regional trade and investment, contributing to economic growth in the Northeast Asian region. Under the circumstances, the key arbitral institutions including KCAB and QAC should consider to take the initiative in setting up tentatively called ${\ulcorner}$Joint Arbitration Center for Northeast Asia${\lrcorner}$ for which the CAMCA of NAFTA will be the good example.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2018

In the past, design has been recognized as a means to determine colors, shapes, and functions Recently, however, it has been accepted in a wider sense, namely designing the entire service, including product and user experience design. In this way, in addition to creativity and expressive power that designers have as their main competence, according to the expansion of this design object, designers are required to have comprehensive abilities in related fields and accompanying technical professional abilities. If designing as a technology application as a direction toward this situation, design education can be carried out by approaching technology as a method of expression or design subject. It can also be an effective alternative towards improving the understanding of technology. Meanwhile, many small microcontroller board products with advanced functions and multi-functional specialized programming integrated development environments (IDEs) are becoming widespread due to their open source, low cost, and scalable features. However, students in the design department who lack the basic knowledge of science and engineering have difficulties learning, which requires considerable time and is required for practical use. From this point of view, we have made advancements in the technical understanding of design education by conducting fundamental research to the effectiveness of microcontroller-based prototyping tools as means of expression. We also conducted basic education of microcontroller boards for a certain period of time on students who majored in design in conjunction with the basic survey and investigated the obstacle factors using a questionnaire. Through these surveys, we have confirmed the necessity of designing microcontroller boards of low difficulty, which simplify the coding process that can act as a barrier in difficulty for design students to apply smoothly in design education. In addition, we intend to carry out a basic study on the guideline of microcontroller design for design education and composition of education programs.