• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.389-398
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• 2018

본 연구는 고려엉겅퀴 주정추출물을 가지고 제작된 임상시험용제품(CNTM)이 3T3-L1 지방세포 및 고지방식이로 유도된 비만 쥐에 미치는 항비만 효능 관찰을 통하여 체지방 개선 기능성식품을 개발하기위하여 인체적용시험 시료를 제작한 후, 인체적용시험전에 그 효력이 유지됨을 확인하기위해 수행되었다. 본 연구에 사용된 시료 CNTM은 $80{\sim}320{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 세포독성이 관찰되지 않았으며, 지방 축적억제 효능 및 지방세포 분화, 지질대사 관련 유전인자들을 유의적으로 변화시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 동물실험에서 CNTM 처리에 의하여 체중의 감소를 확인하였으며 혈중지질 성분 가운데 HDL-C/TC의 비율은 유의적으로 증가하며 LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C)과 non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA)의 비율은 유의적으로 감소하여 혈중 유리지방산 농도를 감소시키며 혈중 콜레스테롤 상승을 억제시키고 혈당을 감소시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 고려엉겅퀴 주정추출물이 함유된 인체적용시험시료(CNTM)는 체지방 개선에 우수한 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.547-554
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• 2018

아마(Linum usitatissimum L.)의 종자인 아마씨(Flaxseed)는 아마인(仁)이라고도 불리며 오메가-3 지방산, 식물성 에스트로겐, 알파-리놀렌산 및 식이섬유가 풍부하게 함유되어 있다. 또한 콜레스테롤 저해, 혈액응고 저해, 종양의 성장 억제 등 다양한 효과에 대한 다양한 연구가 보고 되어있다. 본 연구는 유산균을 이용해 발효한 아마씨의 기능성 성분을 조사하기 위해 가열 처리된(볶은) 아마씨에 4종의 유산균(NFFS ; Non-fermented flaxseed, BHN-LAB31, 126 ; Lactobacillus brevis, BHN-LAB41 ; Pediococcus pentosaceus, KCTC3109 ; Lactobacillus casei)을 접종하여 $37^{\circ}C$에서 7일 동안 발효를 진행하였고, 발효 후 70% 에탄올을 통해 추출하여 각 발효 유산균에 따른 추출물의 항산화 활성을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 발효하지 않은 아마씨(NFFS)에 비해 유산균 발효 아마씨에서 전반적으로 총 폴리페놀 함량 약 1.5~8배, 총 플라보노이드 함량 약 1.2배 증가된 것을 확인하였다. DPPH radical 소거 활성능은 100 ppm 농도에서 비 발효 아마씨 대비 5.6배, SOD 유사활성능은 2.3배 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 종합하여 볼 때 유산균을 이용한 아마씨의 발효가 가능하며, 유산균 발효가 아마씨의 항산화능 증대에 효과적인 것을 확인하였으며 본 연구를 기반으로 한 기능성 식품 또는 화장품 소재로의 개발 및 응용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.136-144
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• 1989

무우의 myrosinase의 특성 규명을 위해 수행한 효소 정제는, 생 무우의 조효소액을 친화성 컬럼 (충진물 : Con A-Sepharose)에 흡착 시킨 후 ${\alpha}-methyl-D-mannoside$로 용출하였을 때 53%의 회수율과 16배의 정제도(S.P.A.=27,900 units/mg)를 나타내었다. 다음 단계로 gel permeation HPLC에 의해 정제한 결과, 약 50%의 최종 회수율과 22배의 정제도(S.P.A.=39,000 units/mg)를 나타내었으며, 전기 영동상 순도가 입증되었다. Gel permeation HPLC에 의해 측정한 분자량은 약 124,000 이었으며, sinigrin을 기질로 하여 측정한 Km, Vmax값은 각각 0.12mM, $40\;{\mu}moles/mg{\cdot}min$이었다. 작용 최적 pH는 6.5, 최적 온도는 $37^{\circ}C$ 이었고 중성용액(pH 6-7)에서는 상온에서 비교적 안정하였으나 산성용액 (pH 4 이하)에서는 불안정하여 효소활성도는 급격히 감소하였다. 효소의 활성화제인 아스코르브산에 의한 최대 활성화 농도는 0.6mM로 약 100배의 효소 활성도 증가효과를 나타내었으며 2mM이상에서는 효소 활성도가 저하되었다. 무우중 myrosinase의 분포는 껍질 부위에 평균 1,333 units/g, 속 부위에 평균 140 units/g으로 껍질 부위가 속 부위에 비해 10배 정도 많은 효소를 함유하고 있었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.357-369
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• 2005

치아 우식은 석회화 조직의 일부가 용해되고 파괴되는 감염성 세균 질환이다. 최근에 보고된 치아우식증 관련 미생물에 대한 연구는 대부분이 Streptococcus mutans와 같은 Mutans streptococci에 초점을 맞추고 있다. Mutans streptococci는 7가지의 서로 다른 종(S. cricetus, S. downei, S. ferus, S. macacae, S. mutans, S. rattus, S. sobrinus)과 8가지의 혈청형(serotype a-h)을 모두 포함하여 일컫는다. 산 생성으로 인한 치아의 법랑질 탈회뿐 아니라 치면에 접착하여 군집를 형성하는 것이 균의 독성에 있어 중요하다. 그러므로 우식은 치태와 밀접한 관련이 있다. 이런 초기 군집 형성은 antigen I/II(Ag I/II)와 glucosyltransferase(GTF)에 의해 이루어진다. 그러므로, Ag I/II와 GTF는 S. mutans GS-5에 대한 백신개발에 있어 적당한 목표가 된다. 본 실험은 S. mutans GS-5로부터 ag I/II와 gtfD 유전자를 복제하고 나열하였다. 핵산의 나열순서 분석결과 앞서 보고된 나열과 높은 일치도를 보였다. 복제된 Ag I/II와 앞서 보고된 S. mutans GS-5의 해당 부위의 280개의 핵산은 완벽하게 일치하였다. gtfD와 S. mutans UA159와 비교시, 105개의 아미노산 중 4부위에서 변화를 관찰하였다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.219-236
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• 2005

Glycolic acid 는 과일과 우유 사탕수수에서 비롯되는 알파-hydroxy 산의 일종의 화장품 성분으로 UV-irradiate된 피부에서는 광보호와 항 염증효과 및 산화 방지 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 UV자극에 의한 피부세포증식에 관하여 glycolic acid의 기능은 거의 알려진바 없다. Glycolic acid는 UV에 의한 hairless mouse의 피부에서 종양 발전을 억제한다는 것을 본 연구자 등이 규명한바 있다. 따라서 이번 연구에서는 UV에 의한 피부의 종양발생억제 효과가 glycolic acid가 UV에 의한 피부의 세포성장을 억제하기 때문인지를 연구하였다 Glycolic acid 를 처치한 피부에서 UV에 의하여 유도된 세포증식과 apoptotic cell death을 감소시켰다. In vitro 연구에서도 glycolic acid 는 UVB 에 의하여 유도된 피부 유래세포인 keratinocyte의 세포성장억제와 apoptotic cell death 및 caspase-3 활동을 억제하였다. 이 결과들은 glycolic acid가 UV에 의하여 유도된 피부종양발생 억제가 UV에 의한 대한 피부세포성장과 apoptotic cell death를 억제하는 효과에 의한 것임을 시사한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2016

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a well-known natural product with anticarcinogenic and antioxidant effects. We evaluated the antifatigue effect of KRG in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: Eighty patients with NAFLD were prospectively randomized to receive 3 wk of KRG or placebo in addition to counseling on healthy eating and regular exercise. Liver function test, proinflammatory cytokines, adiponectin, antioxidant activity, and fatigue score were measured and compared according to the body mass index between the KRG and placebo groups. Results: The liver function tests were significantly improved after 3 wk of treatment in both groups. The mean levels (at baseline and after treatment) of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ were $108.0pg/mL{\pm}54.8pg/mL$ and $92.7pg/mL{\pm}39.0pg/mL$ (p = 0.018) in the KRG group and $123.1pg/mL{\pm}42.1pg/mL$ and $127.5pg/mL{\pm}62.2pg/mL$ (p = 0.694) in the placebo group, respectively. There was a significant difference in change of adiponectin levels between the KRG ($7,751.2pg/mL{\pm}3,108.1pg/mL$ and $8,197.3pg/mL{\pm}2,714.5pg/mL$) and placebo groups ($7,711.6pg/mL{\pm}3,041.3pg/mL$ and $7,286.1pg/mL{\pm}5,188.7pg/mL$, p = 0.027). In patients with overweight, the fatigue score was significantly decreased in the KRG group ($35.0{\pm}13.2$ and $24.5{\pm}8.9$, p = 0.019). Conclusion: Our results show that KRG might be effective in reducing proinflammatory cytokine and fatigue in overweight patients with NAFLD, in addition to improvements in adiponectin levels.

• 한국결정학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국결정학회 2003년도 춘계학술연구발표회
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• pp.18-18
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• 2003

Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small redox protein that is ubiquitously distributed from achaes to human. In diverse organisms, the protein is involved in various physiological roles by acting as electron donor and regulators of transcription and apoptosis as well as antioxidants. Sequences of Trx within various species are 27～69% identical to that of E. coli and all Trx proteins have the same overall fold, which consists of central five β strands surrounded by four α helices. The N-terminal cysteine in WCGPC motif of Trx is redox sensitive and the motif is highly conserved. Compared with general cysteine, the N-terminal cysteine has low pKa value. The result leads to increased reduction activity of protein. Recently, novel thio.edoxin-related protein (TRP14) was found from rat brain. TRP14 acts as disulfide reductase like Trx1, and its redox potential and pKa are similar to those of Trx1. However, TRP14 takes up electrons from cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1), not from the mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase (TrxR2). Biological roles of TES14 were reported to be involved in regulating TNF-α induced signaling pathways in different manner with Trx1. In depletion experiments, depletion of TRP14 increased TNF-α induced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα more than the depletion Trx1 did. It also facilitated activation of JNK and p38 MAP kinase induced by TNF-α. Unlike Trx1, TRP14 shows neither interaction nor interference with ASK1. Here, we determined three-dimensional crystal structure of TRP14 by MAD method at 1.8Å. The structure reveals that the conserved cis-Pro (Pro90) and active site-W-C-X-X-C motif, which may be involved in substrate recognition similar to Trx1 , are located at the beginning position of strand β4 and helix α2, respectively. The TRP14 structure also shows that surface of TRP14 in the vicinity of the active site, which is surrounded by an extended flexible loop and an additional short a helix, is different from that of Trx1. In addition, the structure exhibits that TRP14 interact with a distinct target proteins compared with Trx1 and the binding may depend mainly on hydrophobic and charge interactions. Consequently, the structure supports biological data that the TRP14 is involved in regulating TNF-α induced signaling pathways in different manner with Trx1.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2006

All-trans retinoic acid (AtRA) induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in a variety of tumer cells, including MCF-7 cells. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) system has been reported to be associated with the development of cancer. Although MCF-7 cell with AtRA is to be the major stimulus for the cell growth and apoptosis, the mechanism of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) system remains to be elucidated. Thus, this study was conducted to the effect of AtRA on the gene expression and level of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. In addition, we investigated the involvement of PKC-${\delta}$ on the IGF-I and IGFBP-3 secretion in MCF-7 cell. AtRA(${\geq}10^{-7}M$) decreased the IGF-1 secretion and mRNA expressions, but increased IGFBP-3 secretion and mRNA expressions in MCF-7 cells. Especially, the treatment of AtRA at 72 hours caused a significant reduction in the IGF-I secretion and mRNA expressions but increment in IGFBP-3 secretion and mRNA expressions (p < 0.05). $10^{-7}M$ AtRA activated PKC-${\delta}$ that is one among PKC-$\iota$, ${\alpha}$, ${\lambda}$ and ${\delta}$ in MCF-7 cell. Rotllerin, a PKC-${\delta}$ inhibitor, blocked AtRA-induced inhibition of the IGF-I and mRNA expressions, and increase of lGFBP-3 and mRNA expressions in MCF-7 cell. Together, AtRA inhibited the IGF-I secretion and mRNA expressions, but increased IGFBP-3 secretion and mRNA expressions in MCF-7 cell. Furthermore, AtRA-induced alteration of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 secretion, and the gene expressions were mediated via PKC-${\delta}$ activity.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2005

Pain is an unpleasant sensation experienced when tissues are damaged. Thus, pain sensation in some way protects body from imminent threat or injury. Peripheral sensory nerves innervated to peripheral tissues initially respond to multiple forms of noxious or strong stimuli, such as heat, mechanical and chemical stimuli. In response to these stimuli, electrical signals for conducting the nociceptive neural signals through axons are generated. These action potentials are then conveyed to specific areas in the spinal cord and in the brain. Sensory afferent fibers are heterogeneous in many aspects. For example, sensory nerves are classified as $A{\alpha}$, $-{\beta}$, $-{\delta}$ and C-fibers according to their diameter and degree of myelination. It is widely accepted that small sensory fibers tend to respond to vigorous or noxious stimuli and related to nociception. Thus these fibers are specifically called nociceptors. Most of nociceptors respond to noxious mechanical stimuli and heat. In addition, these sensory fibers also respond to chemical stimuli [Davis et al. (1993)] such as capsaicin. Thus, nociceptors are considered polymodal. Recent advance in research on ion channels in sensory neurons reveals molecular mechanisms underlying how various types of stimuli can be transduced to neural signals transmitted to the brain for pain perception. In particular, electrophysiological studies on ion channels characterize biophysical properties of ion channels in sensory neurons. Furthermore, molecular biology leads to identification of genetic structures as well as molecular properties of ion channels in sensory neurons. These ion channels are expressed in axon terminals as well as in cell soma. When these channels are activated, inward currents or outward currents are generated, which will lead to depolarization or hyperpolarization of the membrane causing increased or decreased excitability of sensory neurons. In order to depolarize the membrane of nerve terminals, either inward currents should be generated or outward currents should be inhibited. So far, many cationic channels that are responsible for the excitation of sensory neurons are introduced recently. Activation of these channels in sensory neurons is evidently critical to the generation of nociceptive signals. The main channels responsible for inward membrane currents in nociceptors are voltage-activated sodium and calcium channels, while outward current is carried mainly by potassium ions. In addition, activation of non-selective cation channels is also responsible for the excitation of sensory neurons. Thus, excitability of neurons can be controlled by regulating expression or by modulating activity of these channels.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2005

We showed recently that ginsenosides inhibit the activity of various types of ion channel. Here we have investigated the role of the carbohydrate component of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in the inhibition of $Na^+$ channels. The channels were expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting cRNAs encoding rat brain Nav1.2 ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}1$ subunits, and analyzed by the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. Treatment with $Rg_3$ reversibly inhibited the inward $Na^+$ peak current ($I_{Na}$) with an $IC_{50}$ of $32.2{\pm}4.5{\mu}M$, and the inhibition was voltage-dependent. To examine the role of the sugar moiety, we prepared a straight chain form of the second glucose and a conjugate of this glucose with 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid hydrazide (HPPH). Neither derivative inhibited $I_{Na}$. Treatment with the carbohydrate portion of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, sophorose [${\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl$ ($1{\rightarrow}2$)-${\beta}-glucopyranoside$], or the aglycone (protopanaxadiol), on their own or in combination had no effect on $I_{Na}$. These observations indicate that the carbohydrate portion of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ plays an important role in its effect on the $Na^+$ channel.