• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.379-383
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• 2002

Allelic diversity of 44 microsatellite marker loci originated from the coding regions of specific genes or the non-coding regions of barley genome was analyzed for 19 barley genotypes. Multi-allelic variation was observed at the most of marker loci except for HVM13, HVM15, HVM22, and HVM64. The number of different alleles ranged from 2 to 12 with a mean of 4.0 alleles per micro-satellite. Twenty-one alleles derived from 10 marker loci are specific for certain genotypes. The level of polymorphism (Polymorphic Information Content, PIC) based on the band pattern frequencies among genotypes was relatively high at the several loci such as HVM3, HVM5, HVM14, HVM36, HVM62 and HVM67. In the cluster analysis using genetic similarity matrix calculated from microsatellite-derived DNA profiles, two major groups were classified and the spike-row type was a major factor for clustering. Correlation between genetic similarity matrices based on microsatellite markers and pedigree data was highly significant ($r=0.57^{**}$), but these two parameters were moderately associated each other. On the other hand, RAPD-based genetic similarity matrix was more highly associated with microsatellite-based genetic similarity ($r=0.63^{**}$) than coefficient of parentage.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1.1-1.6
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• 2014

A growing body of evidence shows that most psychological traits are polygenic, that is they involve the action of many genes with small effects. However, the study of selection has disproportionately been on one or a few genes and their associated sweep signals (rapid and large changes in frequency). If our goal is to study the evolution of psychological variables, such as intelligence, we need a model that explains the evolution of phenotypes governed by many common genetic variants. This study illustrates simple statistical tools to detect signals of recent polygenic selection: a) ANOVA can be used to reveal significant deviation from random distribution of allele frequencies across racial groups. b) Principal component analysis can be used as a tool for finding a factor that represents the strength of recent selection on a phenotype and the underlying genetic variation. c) Method of correlated vectors: the correlation between genetic frequencies and the average phenotypes of different populations is computed; then, the resulting correlation coefficients are correlated with the corresponding alleles' genome-wide significance. This provides a measure of how selection acted on genes with higher signal to noise ratio. Another related test is that alleles with large frequency differences between populations should have a higher genome-wide significance value than alleles with small frequency differences. This paper fruitfully employs these tools and shows that common genetic variants exhibit subtle frequency shifts and that these shifts predict phenotypic differences across populations.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.401-406
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• 2001

These studies were carried out to survey the genetic contamination of six inbred mice (A, BALB/c, C3H, C57BL/6, CBA and KK) produced and supplied from the conventional breeding unit for improving the quality of mice as experimental animal. We examined alleles of five loci (Akp-1, Car-2, Hbb, Es-1 and Trf) by the use of biochemical markers with celluose acetate electrophoresis. As the results of test, BALB/c, A, C3H, C57BL/6, CBA and KK showed standard alleles in Akp-1, Car-2 and Hbb. But Es-1 of A and C57BL/6 and Trf of A, C3H, C57BL/6 and CBA did allelic divergence in loci. These results suggest that the colonies of A, C3H, C57BL/6 and CBA were genetically contaminated. Therefore, we recommend to eliminate the genetically contaminated mice thoroughly, to check on genetic monitoring regularly and to consider a counterpaln for improving the quality control as soon as possible.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 1994

Levels of genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and gene flow in Hosta yingeri, a herbaceous perennial endemic to Taehuksan, Sohuksan, and Hong Islands, were investigated. Starch gel electrophoresis was conducted on leaves for 101 plants collected from three populations. Although the distribution of thespecies is restricted in the islands, it maintains high levels of genetic variatin; 64% of polymorphic loci in at least one population (Ps), the mean number of alleles per locus (Ap) of 1.92, and the mean effective number of alleles per locus (Aep) of 1.52. Overall, mean genetic diversity (Hep=0.250) was substantially higher than mean estimate for species with very similarlife history traits (0.102). Large populaton size, the persistence of multiple generations within populations, high fecundity, predominantly outcrossing breeding system, large size of pollinator visitation areas may be explanatory factors contributing the higher level of genetic diversity maintained within populations. Analysis of fixation indices showed an overall slight excess of heterozygotes (mean FIS=-0.066) relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations, which may in part be due to the near self-incompatible breeding system in the species. Significant differences in allele frequencies among populaitns were found for 14 out of 16 polymorphic loci (P<0.05). Slightly more than 80% of the total variation in the species was common to all populations (GST=0.198). As expected, indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=0.45, calculated from mean GST) and nine private alleles found in the three populations indicate that gene movement among three isolated island populations was low.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.45 no.1 s.141
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• pp.59-63
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• 2007

Merozoite surface protein-1(MSP-1) and merozoite surface protein-2(MSP-2) were used to develop vaccines and to investigate the genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Iran. Nested polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to determine polymorph isms of block 2 of the MSP-1 and the central domain of MSP-2 genes. A total of 67 microscopically positive P. falciparum infected individuals from a major endemic region, southeast Iran, were included in this trial. Nine alleles of MSP-1 and 11 alleles of MSP-2 were identified. The results showed that amplified product from these surface antigen genes varied in size and there was specific pattern for each isolate. Besides, regarding this pattern, 23 multiple infections with at least 2 alleles were observed. While the endemic regions of malaria in Iran is classified in low to moderate group, but extensive polymorphism was observed for each marker and the MSP-2 central repeat was the most diverse that could be considered in designing malaria vaccine.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2005

Leptin, the product of the obesity (ob) gene, is synthesized in adipocytes or fat cells and has been implicated in the regulation of food intake, energy balance and body composition in mammals. Therefore, the leptin gene could be a candidate gene controlling fat deposition, meat quality and carcass traits in cattle. In this study the microsatellite genotypes for leptin gene were determined and their effects on carcass traits and meat quality were estimated in Korean cattle. Six different microsatellite alleles within leptin gene were identified and gene frequencies of 173, 177, 184, 186, 190 and 192 bp alleles were 0.012, 0.308, 0.067, 0.260, 0.342 and 0.016, respectively. The microsatellite marker of the leptin gene showed a significant association with the carcass percentage (CP) and marbling score (MS). Animals with genotypes 192/192 and 177/184 had higher CP than animals with other genotypes. Animals with genotypes 184/192 and 177/184 had higher MS compared with animals with other genotypes. Thus, the results suggest that the 177, 184 and 192 bp alleles may be associated with increased carcass percentage and intramuscular fat levels. No associations were found between the microsatellite genotypes of the leptin gene and other carcass traits such as carcass weight (CW), backfat thickness (BF) and M. longissimus dorsi area (LDA). In conclusion, the microsatellite markers of the leptin gene may be useful for marker-assisted selection of carcass traits and meat quality in Korean cattle.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2022

For a locus with two alleles (I^A and I^B), the frequencies of the alleles are represented by $$p=f(I^A)={\frac{2N_{AA}+N_{AB}}{2N},\;q=f(I^B)={\frac{2N_{BB}+N_{AB}}{2N}$$ where N_AA, N_AB and N_BB are the numbers of I^AI^A, I^AI^B and I^BI^B respectively and N is the total number of populations. The frequencies of the genotypes expected are calculated by using p², 2pq and q². Choi showed the method of whether some genotypes is in these probabalities. Also he calculate the probability generating function for offspring number of genotype under a diploid model( [1]). In this paper, let x(t, p) be the probability that I^A become fixed in the population by time t-th generation, given that its initial frequency at time t = 0 is p. We find adapted equations for x using the mean change of frequence of alleles and fitness of genotype. Also we apply this adapted equations to several diploid model and it also will apply to actual examples.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 1999

A simple and rapid FoLT(formamide low temperature)-PCR, whereby human genomic DNA from blood can be amplified without DNA preparative stps, is described using human insulin genes. By applicatin of FoLT-PCR in human insulin genes, intragenic polymorphism in non-coding regions of the human insulin gene was shown after amplification and analysis by restriction enzyme digestion. All nucleotide sequences were the same as the reported, and four necleotides, at 4 different positions were polymorphic, and polymorphic alleles ${\alpha}4$, ${\alpha}5$, ${\alpha}6$, and ${\beta}2$ were identified. The new alleles were originated from homologous recombination between the ${\alpha}1$ and ${\beta}1$ alleles, and the alleles were founded in heterozygotes only. Although allele ${\alpha}1$ was dominant, the new alleles and ${\beta}1$ were recessive. From the results, it was suggested that the new method of FoLT-PCR was highly applicable in genetic variation analysis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.465-470
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• 2002

This study presents results of electro-phoretically detectable isozyme variation in Crossing Block (CB) lines of two-rowed barley maintained by the National Crop Experiment Station. The specific objectives were to determine allelic frequencies at the four Est loci(Est1, Est2, Est4, and Est5) and their distribution over 380CB lines of two-rowed barley. A total of 17 alleles were detected over the four Est loci in these lines. There were 4 alleles (Pr, Al, Ca, and Af at the Est1 locus and their frequencies were 69.7, 1.1, 28.4, and 0.8%, respectively. At the Est2 locus, 5 different alleles (Dr, Fr, Sp, Un and a recessive null allele) were detected and their frequencies were 2.9,84.5,0.5,2.1, and 10%, respectively. four alleles (Nz, Su, At, and null were detected at the Est4 locus and the allelic frequency of Su was about 84%. Four alleles(Mi, Pi, Te, and a null allele(od)) were detected at the Est5 locus and their frequencies were 34.2, 61.0, 2.4, and 2.4%, respectively. Based on the allelic frequencies over the four Est loci, 380 CB lines were classified into 25 genotypes. The most frequent genotypes were G1(Pr-Fr-Su-Mi) and G2(Pr-Fr-Su-Pi), and their frequencies were 28.1 and 39.5%, respectively. The frequencies of other genotypes were less than 10%.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2003

Background: As all HLA class II genes, the DQ genes show their polymorphic variation mainly in the second exon, which encodes the first extracellular domain of the molecule. PCR-SSOP (Polymerase chain reaction-Sequence specific oligonucleotide probe) techniques were frequently used for HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 typing but certain alleles, $DQA1^*0101/0104/0105$, $^*302/0303$, $*0501/0505$ and $DQB1^*0201/^*0202$ which differ from each other in segment other than exon 2, could not be unequivocally assigned. Methods: To overcome this problem, we applied additional PCR-SSP (PCR-Sequence specific primer) method to analyze DQA1 exons 1, 3 and 4 and DQB1 exon 3. And we investigated the distributions and haplotypes of HLA-DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 alleles in 406 unrelated Korean healthy individuals. Results: Using this method the indistinguishable alleles of DQA1 and DQB1 in PCR-SSOP were typed definitively. We also found several important associations between DQA1 and DQB1 alleles in the Korean population; $DQA1^*0101-DQB1^*0501$, $DQA1^*0104-DQB1^*0502$ or $-^*0503$, $DQA1^*0105-DQB1^*0501$, $DQA1^*0302-DQB1^*0303$, $DQA1^*0303-DQB1^*0401$ or $-^*0402$, $DQA1^*0501-DQB1^*0201$, $DQA1^*0505-DQB1^*0301$, and $DQA1^*0201-DQB1^*0202$. The haplotypes of DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 associated with $DQA1^*01$, $^*03$, $^*05$, and $DQB1^*02$ subtypes were investigated. Several haplotypes associated with these alleles were observed in the Korean population. Conclusion: Our results can be helpful to find potential unrelated donors for bone marrow registries and study the HLA-associated disease and anthropology at high-resolution allelic level.