• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.576-583
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• 2006

The alkali-soluble glucan of the yeast cell wall contains $\beta-(1,3)-$ and (1,6)-D-linkages and is known to systemically enhance the immune system. In the previous study [6], in order to isolate cell wall mutants, a wild-type strain was mutagenized by exposure to ultraviolet light, and the mutants were then selected via treatment with laminarinase $(endo-\beta-(1,3)-D-glucanase)$. The mass of alkali- and water-soluble glucans produced by the mutant was measured to be 33.8 mg/g of the dry mass of the yeast cell. Our results showed that the mutants generated the amount of alkali-soluble glucan 10-fold higher than that generated by the wild-type. Structural analysis showed that the alkali-soluble glucan from the mutants was associated with a higher degree of $\beta-(1,6)-D-linkage$ than was observed in conjunction with the wild-type. Yeast cell wall $\beta-glucan$ was shown to interact with macrophages via receptors, thereby inducing the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha $(TNF-\alpha)$ and nitric oxide. Alkali-soluble $\beta-glucans$, both from water-soluble and water-insoluble glucan, exhibited a higher degree of macrophage activity with regard to both the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha $(TNF-\alpha)$ and nitric oxide and direct phagocytosis, than did the positive control ($1{\mu}g$ of lipopolysaccharide).

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.601-607
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• 2013

알칼리 가수분해에 따른 보리 ${\beta}$-glucan의 이화학적 특성변화를 살펴보기 위하여 새쌀보리, 새찰쌀보리 및 흰찰쌀보리에 0.2~1.0 N NaOH를 처리하였으며, 총 및 수용성 ${\beta}$-glucan의 함량 및 순도, 수용성 ${\beta}$-glcuan의 분자량, 점도 및 재용해율을 살펴보았다. 3품종 보리의 총 ${\beta}$-glucan 함량은 7.77~8.40% 범위이었으며, 알칼리 가수분해 농도가 증가함에 따라 6.89~7.54% 범위로 감소하였다. 수용성 ${\beta}$-glucan의 함량은 무처리의 4.16~4.80% 범위에서 알칼리 가수분해 농도가 증가함에 따라 4.30~4.82% 범위로 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 수용성 ${\beta}$-glucan의 순도는 3품종 모두 30.91~35.79% 범위이었으나, 알칼리 가수분해에 의해 74.02~81.41%까지 증가하였다. 분자량은 메성보리보다 찰성보리가 더 컸으며, 알칼리 가수분해 농도가 증가함에 따라서 크게 감소하였다. ${\beta}$-Glucan 수용액의 점도는 알칼리 가수분해 농도가 증가함에 따라 감소하였으며, 메성보리보다 찰성보리가 높았고, 흰찰쌀보리보다 새찰쌀보리가 높았다. 재용해율은 무처리의 50~55% 범위에서 알칼리 가수분해 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가하여 1.0 N NaOH 처리구에서 80.00~87.66% 범위로 증가하였다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.382-386
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• 1998

A soluble dietary fiber, $\beta$-glucan, contained in oat and barley has nutritional benefits such as hypocholesterolemic effects and influences blood glucose regulation. The contents of $\beta$-glucan in both cereals range from 3 to 7% with the exception of a certain barley genotype which contains up to 16% $\beta$-glucan. $\beta$-Glucan is distributed mainly in the cell walls of endosperm and the distal (bran) portion of kernel. Various procedures have been developed for increasing the extraction yield of $\beta$-glucan. Oat gum prepared with weak alkali extractionand alcohol proecipitation following protein removal usually contains 80% $\beta$-glucan.The most commonly used method for $\beta$-glucan quantitiation is an enzymatic procedure combining lichenase plus $\beta$-glucosidase followed by measuring the amount of glucos released by glucose oxidase-peroxidase treatment. The increase in foam-and emulsion-stabilizing capacity of $\beta$-glucan is due to the increase in viscosity of the aqueous phase. Therefore, $\beta$-glucan shows great potentials as a thickener and a stabilizer.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.235-241
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• 1985

본 연구는, catabolic repression시킨 효모세포를 완전배지와 최소배지에서 derepression시켜, 배양시기 및 인산 첨가농도(free, limited, sufficient)에 따른 5종의 다당류 합성변화를 조사하였다. 그리고 다당류 합성과 무기폴리인산 축적량 및 인지질 합성 사이의 상관지수를 구하여 합성시 관련되는 유의한 정도를 검정하였다. 그 결과, 최소배지에서 catabolic derepression시킨 효모세포가, 완전배지에서 derepression시킨 세포에 비하여, glycogen의 합성이 발리 그리고 많이 일어났고, acid soluble glycogen type이 주된 함량을 나타내었으며, alkali soluble glycogen은 당이 많이 소모된 24시간 배양 후에 소량 나타났다. 무기인산 첨가정도에 따라 total glycogen합성이 일정한 비율로 빨리 그리고 높게 일어났다. Glucan의 합성에는 ALPase 중 ALPase "C"가 관련할 것으로 추정되었다. Mannan은 ezponential phase초기와 정체기때, acid soluble 분획은 정체기때 최대함량을 나타내었다. Mannan 합성과 poly-P "C"축적량 사이의 상관지수는 0.866, mannan합성과 인지질 사이의 상관지수는 0.726으로 나타나 매우 유의하였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.26-30
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• 1994

Some ammonium oxalate soluble pectic fragments prepared from cultured cell wall of Ephycla distrahya elicited the accumulation of p-coumarocylamino acids (p-CAA) in E. distachya cultures while water soluble and alkali soluble fractions had no activity. Partial purification of the pectic fragments fraction using DEAE-cellulose chromatography afforded two active fractions (PS-I and PS-II) which were composed of mainly uronic acids (98-99 w/w %). They elicited the accumulation of p-CAA in an amount of 52-60 nmol per gram fresh weight of cultures. The acidic sugar compositions of PS-I and PS-II were found to be galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid by TLC analysis. They were supposed to act as endogenous elicitors of p-CAA accumulation. In order to investigate the effect of ethylene on p-CAA accumulation, Ethrel, which is known as ethylene generator, and ACC(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), a direct precusor of ethylene biosynthesis, were added to the culture. However, they did not glycopeptide elicitor [(Con A-II)], either. Consequently, no relationships between ethylene and p-CAA accumulation were recognized. Several tentative elicitors were teted for their activity. Commercial yeast glucan, $CuCl_2$, laminarin and laminariheptaose had slight activity whereas ${\alpha}$-methylmannopyranoside and commercial yeast mannan had no elicitor activity. ${\alpha}$-methylmannopyranoside which has been known as a tentative inhibitor of glucan elicitor in Glycine max did not affect on the elicitor activity of Con A-II.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.41-53
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• 1968

Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of yeast as influenced by gamma-irradiation from cobalt-60 have been carried, then the mechanisms of radiation effect on respiration and fermentation were discussed under considerations of permeable changes of irradiated cell membrane. The cells of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) which had been gamma-irradiated of 240 k.r. doses for an hour, then were put into aerobic oxidation and anaerobic fermentation without substrate. Total and fractionated carbohydrates of irradiated yeast cells were determined by calorimetric method with anthrone and orcinol reagents, the amounts of total carbohydrate, trehalose, RNA-ribose, PCA-soluble glycogen, alkali-soluble glycogen, acetic acid-soluble glycogen, mannan and glucan were determined according to the course of aerobic oxidation and anaerobic fermentation. It is found that the carbohydrates of irradiated cells leak out and amount of the losses teaches eleven times more than that of control, the volume of losses are seems to be replaced by water, it can be suggested the damage of gamma-irradiation occurs in the site of passive transport of cell membrane. The endogeneous aerobic respiration of irradiated cells are increased much more than control, the synthesis of reserve glycogen, glucan and RNA-ribose promoted much more than control. The anaerobic fermentation of irradiated cells are also increased than that of control, but the breakdown of carbohydrate is less than endogeneous respiration of irradiated cells. The synthetic rate is also less than that of aerobic oxidation. In irradiated yeast cells, trehalose is revealed to be primary substrate for endogeneous carbohydrate metabolism, so it is proved that the enzymic patterns are not changed but the activities of enzymes relating endogeneous respiration and autofermentation is activated. It is to be considerable to distiguish endogeneous respiration and autofermentation from exogeneous respiration and fermentation on irradiation, for membrane permeability changes and loses out carbohydrate by ionizing radiation.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제23권4호통권75호
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• pp.285-297
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• 1995

영지의 균사체를 분획화하여 ${\beta}-glucan$성 다당류인 ganoderan을 분리한 결과, 12%의 균체외성, 13%의 세포질성, 그리고 75%의 세포벽성 분획으로 각각 수획되었다. 각각의 분획들은 추출 부위와는 상관없이 포도당을 가장 많이 포함하고 있었으며, ${\beta}-glucan$의 특정을 지닌 다당류이었다. Ganoderan의 구성당 및 구성 아미노산은 균사체 추출부위에 따라 상이한 비율을 나타내었다. 이들의 생리적 활성을 검색한 결과, 항 보체 활성은 균체외성이며 수용성인 EXO-WS 분획이 38%로 가장 우수하였으며, 세포벽에서 추출한 알칼리 가용성이며 수용성인 CW-AS-WS 분획이 37%를 나타내었다. 항암활성은 CW-AS-WS 분획이 가장 우수하였으며 94%의 종양 억제율을 보였다. CW-AS-WS 는 평균 분자량 20kD로 80% 의 포도당으로 이루어진 ${\beta}-glucan$성 다당류이다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2006

Yeast cell wall matrix particles are composed entirely of mannoprotein and ${\beta}-glucan$. The mannoproteins of yeast cell wall can systemically enhance the immune system. We previously purified and analyzed alkali-soluble ${\beta}-glucans$ [${\beta}$-(1,3)- and ${\beta}$-(1,6)-glucans] [10]. In the present study, a wild-type strain was first mutagenized with ultraviolet light, and the cell wall mutants were then selected by treatment with 1.0 mg/ml laminarinase (endo-${\beta}$-(1,3)-D-glucanase). Mannoproteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were released by laminarinase, purified by concanavalin-A affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. The results indicated that the mutants yielded 3-fold more mannoprotein than the wild-type. The mannoprotein mass of mutant K48L3 was 2.25 mg/100 mg of yeast cell dry mass. Carbohydrate analysis revealed that they contained mannose, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall components, mannoproteins, are known to interact with macrophages through receptors, thereby inducing release of tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and nitric oxide. Mannoprotein tractions in the present study had a higher macrophage activity of secretion of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and nitric oxide and direct phagocytosis than positive control ($1{\mu}g$ of lipopolysaccharide). In particular, F1 and F3 fractions in mannoproteins of K48L3 enhanced and upregulated the activity of nitric oxide secretion and macrophage phagocytosis by approximately two- and four-fold, respectively.