• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.238-242
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• 2016

The effect of the alkali, alkali earth metal elements on selective catalytic reduction(SCR) catalyst deactivation behavior were investigated in terms of microstructure, surface area, pore volume and De-NOx test. Poisoned SCR catalyst were manufactured by injection of $K_2CO_3$, $Na_2CO_3$, $Ca(CH_3COO)_2{\cdot}H_2O$, $C_4H_6MgO_4{\cdot}4H_2O$, $H_3PO_4$ solutions in the new SCR catalyst at $350^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. New and poisoned catalysts surface were similar. But specific surface area, pore volume decrease from Na, Mg, K, Ca, P compared to new SCR catalyst. Especially, Na poisoned catalyst surface area and pore size extremely decreased by $10.20m^2/g$, $0.061cm^2/g$. De-NOx test results of new and poisoned catalysts at $150{\sim}450^{\circ}C$ indicated that alkali metal (K, Na) poisoned SCR catalysts have the lowest De-NOx efficiency, alkali earth metal poisoned SCR catalysts (Ca, Mg) De-NOx efficiency are higher than alkali metal poisoned SCR catalysts. P poisoned SCR catalyst De-NOx efficiency is similar new SCR catalyst. It were considered that physical deactivation of SCR catalyst was affected by SCR catalyst surface area and pore volume change.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.696-702
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• 1998

The effect of alkali metal salt on the activity of Co-Mo catalyst which has high resistance to sulfur poisoning for water gas shift reaction(WGSR) was studied. Two groups of catalysts were prepared to investigate the effects of anion and cation in alkali metal salts. For K-doped catalysts made with various potassium salts having different anion, the catalytic activity was explained to depend mainly on the BET surface area. Among the catalysts prepared by various nitrates of alkali metal as precursor, the Li-doped catalyst showed the best activity, and the others did not make significant differences giving relatively low activities. And the change of BET surface area by varying the loading of alkali metal showed a similar trend to that of activity. In this case, the activity was dependent on both BET surface area and the ratio of $Mo^{6+}$ with a tetrahedral coordination symmetry to $Mo^{6+}$ with an octahedral one, $Mo^6+[T]/Mo^{6+}[O]$ value.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.2405-2408
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• 2007

Oxidation of alkylaromatics including toluene and p-methoxytoluene has been carried out over alkali metal (AM)-containing catalysts such as AM-V/TiO2 and AM-VSb/Al2O3 in vapor-phase using oxygen as an oxidant. The selectivity for partial oxidations increases with incorporation of an alkali metal or with increasing the basicity of alkali metals (from Na to Cs), irrespective of the supports or reactants. However, the conversion is nearly constant or slightly decreasing with the addition of alkali metals in the catalyst. The increased selectivity may be related with the decreased acidity even though more detailed work is necessary to understand the effect of alkali metals in the oxidation. The AM-VSb/Al2O3 may be suggested as a potential selective catalyst for vapor-phase oxidations.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 2017

To overcome the low reactivity and solubility of alkali metal fluorides (MFs), various types of phase transfer catalysts (PTCs) have been developed over the last decades. However, since the fluoride activated by such PTC sometimes has a strong basicity, it may cause various side reactions such as elimination reaction or hydroxylation reaction in the nucleophilic fluorination reaction. Also, they may cause separation problems in the compound purification process. In recent advanced study, various PTCs have been developed to solve these problem of conventional catalyst. In this review, we would like to introduce three kinds of novel multifunctional organic catalysts such as bis-tert-alcohol-functionalized crown-6-calix[4]arene (BACCA), easy separable pyrene-tagged ionic liquid (PIL) by reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and tri-tert-butanolamine organic catalyst.

• 한국전기화학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.233-238
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• 2004

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2021

With increasing interest in fluorinated compounds, nucleophilic fluorination reaction has been generally used for synthesizing fluorine-containing chemicals. However, alkali metal fluorides (MFs) generally have low solubility and reactivity in organic solvent. To overcome these problems, various phase transfer catalysts (PTCs) have been investigated. Calix-arene is known as to capture the metal cation(M⁺), and therefore in this review, we would like to introduce several kinds of calix-arene based PTCs, such as bis-tert-alcohol-functionalized crown-6-calix[4]arene (BACCA), oligo-ethylene glycol linked bis-triethyleneglycol crown-5-calix[4]arene (BTC5A), and ionic liquid functionalized calix-arene based catalyst, as well as ion-pair receptor crown-6-calix[4]arene-capped calix[4]pyrrole.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.349-354
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• 2005

It is interesting to discover the reaction kinetics of the newly developed molybdenum containing catalysts. The dissociation/adsorption of nitrogen on molybdenum surface is known to be structure sensitive, which is similar to that of nitrogen on iron surface. The rates over molybdenum nitride catalysts are increased with the increase of total pressure. This tendency is the same as that for iron catalyst, but is quite different from that for ruthenium catalyst. The activation energies of the molybdenum nitride catalysts are almost on the same level, although the activity is changed by the addition of the second component. The reaction rate is expressed as a function of the concentration of reactants and products. The surface nature of $CO_3Mo_3N$ is drastically changed by the addition of alkali, changing the main adsorbed species from $NH_2$ to NH on the surface. The strength of $NH_x$ adsorption is found to be changed by alkali dopping.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.673-677
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• 2001

Pseudo-first-order rate constants have been measured spectrophotometrically for the reactions of 8-(5-nitroquinolyl) 3-furoate with alkali metal ethoxides in anhydrous ethanol. The plot of kobs vs the concentration of alkali metal ethox ides is linear for the reactions performed in the presence of a complexing agent, 18-crown-6 ether, but exhibits upward curvatures for the corresponding reactions performed in the absence of the complexing agent, indicating that the alkali metal ions in this study behave as catalysts. Second-order rate constants were determined for the reactions with dissociated free ethoxide (kEtO-) and with ion paired alkali metal ethoxides (kEtO-M + ) from ion pairing treatments. The magnitude of catalytic effect (kEtO-M + /kEtO-) was found to be 1.7, 3.4 and 2.5 for the reaction of 8-(5-nitroquinolyl) 3-furoate, while 1.4, 3.6 and 4.2 for that of 4-nitrophenyl 2-furoate, 1.8, 3.7 and 2.4 for that of 8-(5-nitroquinolyl) benzoate, and 2.0, 9.8 and 9.3 for that of 8-(5-nitroquinolyl) 2-furoate with EtO- Li+ , EtO- Na+ and EtO- K+ , respectively. A 5-membered chelation at the leaving group is suggested to be responsible for the catalytic effect shown by alkali metal ions.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

This work reviews the effects of catalyst formulation and exhaust gas composition on soot oxidation in CDPF (Catalytic Diesel Particulate Filter). DOC's (Diesel Oxidation Catalysts) have been loaded with Pt catalyst (Pt/$Al_{2}O_3$) for reduction of HC and CO. Recent CDPF's are coated with the Pt catalyst as well as additives like Mo, V, Ce, Co, Fe, La, Au, or Zr for the promotion of soot oxidation. Alkali (K, Na, Cs, Li) doping of metal catalyst tends to increase the activity of the catalysts in soot combustion. Effects of coexistence components are very important in the catalytic reaction of the soot. The soot oxidation rate of a few catalysts are improved by water vapor and NOx in the ambient. There are only a few reports available on the mechanism of the PM (particulate matter) oxidation on the catalysts. The mechanism of PM oxidation in the catalytic systems that meet new emission regulations of diesel engines has yet to be investigated. Future research will focus on catalysts that can not only oxidize PM at low temperature, but also reduce NOx, continuously self-cleaning diesel particulate filters, and selective catalysts for NOx reduction.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.431-439
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• 2006

Catalytic oxidation of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) using regenerated metal oxide catalysts (ZnO-CuO, NiO, $Fe_2O_3$, ZnO, CrO) were investigated in a fixed bed flow reactor to evaluate their feasibility for the purpose of removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Four kinds of pre-treatment methods such as gas (air and hydrogen), acid aqueous solution, alkali aqueous solution and cleaning agent were used to find out the optimal regeneration conditions. The physico-chemical properties of the used and regenerated catalysts were characterized by BET and TPR (Temperature Programmed Reduction). The used catalysts showed high conversion ratio and the catalytic ability of toluene oxidation was in the order of ZnO-CuO>$Fe_2O_3$>NiO>ZnO>CrO. We found that the acid aqueous pre-treatment (0.1 N HNO$_3$) was the best way to enhance the catalytic activity of $Fe_2O_3$. In addition, air and hydrogen gas treatment were optimal for NiO and ZnO-CuO catalysts, respectively. Furthermore, the decomposition of BTX depends on the type of a catalyst and a gas molecule.