• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.135-146
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• 2019

Purpose: The aims of this study were to identify the relationships among alcohol level, impact of event, occupational stress, and distress disclosure and to determine the influences on alcohol level among fire officials. Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional, descriptive study were 241 fire officials. Data were collected from June 2018 to July 2018 using self-reported questionnaires and were analyzed using IBM SPSS 22.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Results: The results revealed significant positive relationships between alcohol level and impact of event, and impact of event and occupational stress, and a negative relationships between occupational stress and distress disclosure. Regression analysis revealed that alcohol level accounted for 9.2% of the variance by gender, and impact of event(e.g., sleep problems and emotional numbness). Conclusion: These findings provide information that can be used in the development of mental health promotion programs for fire officials.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.133-138
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the changes of vision and ocular functions induced by increase of blood alcohol level. Methods: Blood alcohol level, vision, refractive errors, near point convergence, heterophoria, and relative convergence were measured at 1 h, 4 h, and 24 h after acute alcohol ingestion of 0.7 g per kg body weight. Results: At 1 h after alcohol ingestion, myopization and ocular functions which measured near point convergence, positive and negative convergences, and degree of heterophoria remarkedly worked a changes accompanied with the maximum value of blood alcohol level. But at 24 h after that, all of ocular functions were recovered to degree of 90~99% compared with non-alcoholic normal conditions. Conclusions: As the increase of blood alcohol level is able to induce the significant changes of visual acuity and ocular functions, opticians have to understand thoroughly the patient's conditions by alcohol ingestion before refractive test and ocular examinations.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.325-334
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• 2014

The effects of aloe on liver function and lipid metabolic disorders induced by alcohol consumption were studied in rats using aloe power (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%) and 10% ethanol. 35 Sprague-Dawley (male, 4 weeks old) rats were divided into five groups and fed experimental diets for six weeks. Body weights of rats tended to be lower in all alcohol supplemented groups than in the control. Food intakes and dry feces per day were significantly lower in all alcohol supplemented groups than in the control. Atherogenic indices (AI) were highest in the alcohol group and decreased in proportion with aloe amount. Serum triglyceride level was significantly higher in the alcohol group than in the control, but tended to be lower in the aloe supplemented groups. In relation to liver function, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities tended to be higher in the alcohol groups than in the control, but lower in the aloe groups, especially in the alcohol+0.5% AO group. The levels of liver cholesterol were significantly lower in the alcohol group than in the control and aloe supplemented groups. In the histochemical evaluation, fat droplets appeared extensively on the liver-lobule in the alcohol group, whereas they decreased slightly in the alcohol+0.25% AO group and apparently disappeared in the alcohol +0.5% AO. On the other hand, fat droplets appeared again on the liver-lobule in the alcohol+1% AO group, but were reduced compared with the alcohol group. Regarding the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue triglycerides, the level of linoleic acid (18:2) was significantly higher in the aloe supplemented group. Regarding the fatty acid composition of liver phosphatidylcholine (PC), the level of linoleic acid was higher in the alcohol group and alcohol+1% AO group than the other groups. In contrast, the level of arachidonic acid was significantly lower in the alcohol group. As a result, arachidonic / linoleic acid ratios were significantly lower in the alcohol group compared to the control group, whereas the ratios of the aloe supplemented groups were similar to that of the control group. Therefore, aloe had some beneficial effects on lipid metabolic disorders induced by alcohol and affected desaturation of fatty acids.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2000

Lifestyle and dietary behavior intervention as the primary prevention of lipid disorder seems safe and compatible with other treatments of cardiovascular diseases. Cross-sectional associations between lifestyle factors and dietary behavioral factors with plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels were analyzed in 189 middle-aged men in Suwon, Korea. Overnight fasting plasma levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and glucose were analyzed. Blood pressure and anthropometric data were also measured. Lifestyle factors such as smoking status, alcohol consumption and frequency of physical exercise were evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire. Questions regarding dietary behavior were also asked. The subjects were 43.8%${\pm}$7.9 years old, and 23.8%${\pm}$2.6kg/m$^2$. From stepwise regression analyses, significant correlates with total cholesterol level were body mass index(BMI), alcohol intake(negative), age and coffee drinking(model R$^2$=14.3%). BMI, breakfast-skipping, age, and sleeping hours were significant for triacylglycerol level(model R$^2$=15.8%). BMI, alcohol drinking(negative), age, and coffee drinking were significant for low-density lipoprotein(LDL)(model R$^2$=11.7%). Age(negative), BMI(negative), alcohol drinking, stress level(negative), physical exercise, and cigarette smoking(negative) were significant for high-density lipoprotein(HDL)(model R$^2$=12.1%). From stepwise regression analyses, excluding BMI and age as factors in the model, alcohol intake(negative) and coffee drinking were significantly correlated with total cholesterol level(model R$^2$=4.4%) : breakfast-skipping with triacylglycerol(model R$^2$=3.2%) : alcohol intake (negative) with LDL level(model R$^2$=3.4%) : alcohol intake, physical exercise and stress level(negative) with HDL level(model R$^2$=6.3%). The findings suggest that a healthy daily lifestyle and dietary behavior may have an anti-atherogenic effect by altering plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in middle-aged Korean men. (J Community Nutrition 2(2) : 119∼128, 2000)

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.441-453
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• 2012

Purpose: This secondary data analysis study was aimed at identifying the factors related to the patterns of alcohol use (normal alcohol use, hazardous alcohol use, and alcohol dependence) in the Korean adult. Methods: This study analyzed the cross-sectional data from 230,715 Korean adults aged 19 year and older who participated in the 2009 Korean Community Health Survey. Multinomial logistic regression was used to uncover associations between demographic, health related factors and the patterns of alcohol use. Results: The patterns of alcohol use was differentiated from the sociodemographic variables (residential area, gender, age, marital status, educational level, monthly income, and occupation) and with health related factors (smoking status, hours of sleep, body mass index, pain or discomfort, subjective health, stress level, liver disease, cardio/cerebro vascular disease, and depression). Hazardous alcohol use was lower in rural areas and lower among women, but higher among people who smoke, reported severe stress, and/or depression. Similarly, alcohol dependence was lower among women and among those in rural areas, and was more likely associated with those who smoke, have severe stress and depression. Conclusion: A number of factors are associated with patterns of drinking. Smoking, severe stress and depression seems to confound the problems of alcohol use. Additional research is needed to isolate those factors that are the most important influencing the use of alcohol.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.103-113
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• 2012

Objectives: This study aims to identify the effects of environmental characteristics of the community on adults' drinking problems with held constant effects of characteristics of drinkers themselves. Methods: A multi-level regression analysis was employed to differentiate the variances accounted for by measurements both at individual and group levels. Data on individual demographic, behavioral, and mental health status were obtained from the Community Health Survey conducted in 2009 in the province of Kyunggido, which include 41,376 respondents aged 19 and over. This study included 28,335 adults who were classified as drinkers. They were from 45 communities(si, gun, or gu) for which data on contextual characteristics were collected by secondary data available on local government websites and KOSIS(Korea Statistical Information System). Results: Multi-level analyses showed that the variance of the dependent variable, harmful use of alcohol measured by alcohol use disorder identification test was independently accounted for by variance of independent variables at group level, including number of on-premises alcohol outlet per inhabitant and divorce rate, with held other independent variables of the model controlled. Conclusions: This study confirms that in order to prevent and reduce harms caused by harmful use of alcohol requires restricting physical availability of alcohol in the community where the drinker lives.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.299-304
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• 1991

In this study the effects of water extracts of endocarps and seeds of omija(Schizandra chinensis Baillon)on alcohol metabolism in rats were investigated. 25% alcoholic solution(v/v,0.75g/200g B.W.)and 40% alcoholic solution(v/v,0.80g/200g B.W.)were orally administered to rats for 2 hours. The levels of metabolites and enzyme activities both on serum and liver were not changed by acute oral adminiatration of 25% and 40% alcoholic solution. Blood alcohol levels were significantly lowered by treatment of water extracts of endocarps and seeds of omija in rats administered with 25% and 40% alcohol. In 25% alcohol treated group, serum GPT level was decreased but hepatic G-6-P DH and pyruvate levels were increased. In 40% alcohol treated group, water extracts of endocarps and seeds of omija resulted in a significant decreased in serum levels of FFA, GPT but increased in serum glucose level. Hepatic levels of cytosolic protein, glycogen and pyruvate were increased by water extracts of omija parts in 40% alcohol treated group.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.231-242
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• 2019

The aim of this study was the relationship between smoking, alcohol drinking and vitamin D level among Korean adults using data from the '6th(2013-2014) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey'. The data used in this study were analyzed for 3,565 people who were over the age of 19 ages and checked vitamin D level and consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods among 15,568 respondents to the '6th(2013-2014) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey'. The subjects were divided into four groups: None group(non-smoking and non-alcohol drinking), smoking only group, alcohol drinking only group and both group (smoking and alcohol drinking). The mean serum vitamin D level of the subjects was $16.5{\pm}0.20ng/mL$ and 73.5% of vitamin D levels were insufficient and deficiency. The results from hierarchical multiple logistic regression showed that the Odds ratio for insufficient vitamin D due to smoking and alcohol drinking were significantly higher in the smoking only group 2.281(95% CI 1.080-4.817)times and both group 1.356(95% CI 1.010-1.922)times than none group. Our results showed the relationship between smoking, alcohol drinking and vitamin D level was significant in Korean adults. Future studies, such as a more systematic cohort study investigating the relationship between smoking, alcohol drinking and vitamin D level may be helpful in confirming the causal relationship between smoking, alcohol drinking and vitamin D level.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of loneliness on drinking, smoking, and health perception (symptom pattern & subjective health) in college students. The convenience sample consisted of 417 college students attending four universities. The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale(RULS) and the Symptom Pattern Scale were used to collect the data. In this study, 84.7% of the subjects used alcohol, with a mean of 5.52 drinks per week, and 32. 9% of the subjects smoked for a mean of 5.08 cigarette packs per week during the previous month. The mean score loneliness measured by the RULS was 40.82, indicating that the subjects were moderately lonely. The majority of the subjects had a low level of symptom pattern and evaluated their health as either very good or good. The level of alcohol drinking and the smoking increased and symptom pattern decreased with age. Female students were lonelier than male students in this study. Also, the female students had a lower level of symptom pattern and evaluated their health worse than the male students. Male students consumed more alcohol and smoked more cigarette than female students. Living arrangement was significantly related to the level of loneliness. The subjects who lived with their parents and siblings were less lonely than those who lived with their friends, or relatives or who lived in a dormitory. Age and religion were not related to the level of loneliness. The level of loneliness influenced drinking, symptom pattern, and subjective health. The study found that subjects who were more lonely consumed alcohol less, had a higher level of symptom pattern, and perceived their health worse than those who were less lonely. Smoking was not influenced by loneliness in this study.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.530-540
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the life style, self-efficacy, and Bone Marrow Density (BMD) in osteoporosis female patients. The subjects were recruited at the four Osteoporosis Clinics. A convenience sample of 190 women completed a survey instrument which included the Osteoporosis Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Life Style Questionnaire and demographic items. BMD of L$_4$ was measured by Dual Photon Absor photiometry. The sample ranged in age from 40 to 82 years (Mean＝60.28). Eighty-one percent were married and 14.9% were widowed. Forty-four percent lived with their spouse and children. Excercise, diet, medication, alcohol consumption, and smoking were measured to investigate the life style. Fifty-seven percent of the subjects exercised regularly. Mountain climbing, brisk walking, and free gymnastics were frequently cited excercises by the subjects in this study. Sixty percent drank one cup of milk and 34.7% had 1.13 cups of coffee in a day. Thirty-nine percent used calcium supplements, 9.5% drank alcohol, and 3.2% smoked cigarettes. Economic status and education level were related to self-efficacy. Age, economic status, and education level were related to BMD. As a life style, exercise, diet(milk, ice cream, and coffee), and medication(calcium) were associated with self-efficacy. The subjects who exercised regularly and took calcium supplements for a longer time had a higher level of self-efficacy than those who did not. Smoking and alcohol consumption had no relationship with self-efficacy. Excercise, medication(calcium), and alcohol consumption were related to BMD. The subjects who took calcium supplements for a longer time had a higher level of BMD. Alcohol consumption was not related to self-efficacy but related to BMD. The subject who drank alcohol had a higher level of BMD than those who did not drink. The amount of alcohol consumption was positively related to BMD.