Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2019.20.3.231

The Relationship between Smoking, Alcohol Drinking and Vitamin D Level among Korean Adults : From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014  

Lee, Yun-Kyung (Dept. of Public Health, Graduate School of Chosun University)
Park, Jong (Dept. of Public Health, Graduate School of Chosun University)
Ryu, So-Yeon (Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University)
Choi, Seong-Woo (Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University)
Shin, Jun-Ho (Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society / v.20, no.3, 2019 , pp. 231-242 More about this Journal
Abstract
The aim of this study was the relationship between smoking, alcohol drinking and vitamin D level among Korean adults using data from the '6th(2013-2014) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey'. The data used in this study were analyzed for 3,565 people who were over the age of 19 ages and checked vitamin D level and consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods among 15,568 respondents to the '6th(2013-2014) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey'. The subjects were divided into four groups: None group(non-smoking and non-alcohol drinking), smoking only group, alcohol drinking only group and both group (smoking and alcohol drinking). The mean serum vitamin D level of the subjects was $16.5{\pm}0.20ng/mL$ and 73.5% of vitamin D levels were insufficient and deficiency. The results from hierarchical multiple logistic regression showed that the Odds ratio for insufficient vitamin D due to smoking and alcohol drinking were significantly higher in the smoking only group 2.281(95% CI 1.080-4.817)times and both group 1.356(95% CI 1.010-1.922)times than none group. Our results showed the relationship between smoking, alcohol drinking and vitamin D level was significant in Korean adults. Future studies, such as a more systematic cohort study investigating the relationship between smoking, alcohol drinking and vitamin D level may be helpful in confirming the causal relationship between smoking, alcohol drinking and vitamin D level.
Keywords
Alcohol Drinking; Adult; Health; Korean; Nutrition Surveys; Relationship; Smoking; Vitamin D;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 10  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Center for Disease Control(2015). Korea Health Statistics 2010: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES -VI) Guidelines of Data Analysis. Retrieved 2015.
2 Institute of Medicine(2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. The National Academies Press: Washington, DC. Available from: http://nap.edu/13050
3 T. Voortman, EH. Van den Hooven, AC. Heijiboer, A. Hofman, V. WV. Jaddoe, OH. Franco, "Vitamin D Defi ciency in School-Age Children Is Associated with Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors", The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 791-798, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.208280   DOI
4 V. Ganji, X. Zhang, V. Tangpricha, "Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Prevalence Estimates of Hypovitaminosis D in the U.S. Population Based on Assay-Adjusted Data", The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 142, no. 3, pp. 498-507, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.151977   DOI
5 PS. McCabe, SR. Pye, J. Mc Beth, DM. Lee, A. Tajar, G. Bartfai, S. Boonen, R. Bouillon, F. Casanueva, JD. Finn, G. Forti, A. Giwercman, IT. Huhtaniemi, K. Kula, N. Pendleton, M. Punab, D. Vanderschueren, FC. Wu, RW. O'Neill and for the EMAS Study Group, "Low Vitamin D and the Risk of Developing Chronic Widespread Pain: Results from the European Male Ageing Study", BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 17-32, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-016-0881-6   DOI
6 K. Langlois, L. Greene-Finestone, J. Little, N. Hidiroglou, S. Whiting, "Vitamin D Status of Canadians as Measured in the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey", Health Reports, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 47-55, 2010.
7 JH. Lee, JM. Lee, "Vitamin D Deficiency in Critically Ill Patients", The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 17-22, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc0809996
8 YS. Jung, BW. Yoo, JE. Oh, HS. Lee, CY. Cho, "The Relationship between Vitamin D Levels and Chronic Diseases", The Korean Academy of Clinical Geriatrics, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 154-169, 2010.
9 JE. Kang, HS. Choi, JH. Choi, ST. Jung, SH. Yeo, KH. Kim, "The Comparative Study of Dietary Habits According to the Alcohol Drinking among University Students" Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 681-689, 2013.
10 HS. Choi, HJ. Oh, H. Choi, WH. Choi, JG. Kim, KM. Kim, SK. Lim, "Vitamin D Insufficiency in Korea Greater Threat to Younger Generation: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 643-651, 2011. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2133   DOI
11 MF. Holick, "Vitamin D deficiency", New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 357, no. 3, pp. 266-281, 2007. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553   DOI
12 JH. Lee, "Pharmacologic Supplementation of Vitamin D", Journal of the Korean Medical Association, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 330-335, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2017.60.4.330   DOI
13 SM. Park, "Analysis of related factors for Koreans between nutritional status of vitamin D and metabolic syndrome : using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey(2008-2014)", The Graduate School of Sungshin Women's University Ph. D. Dissertation, Seoul, 2018.
14 CS. Kwak, JW. Lee, WJ. Hyun, "The Effects of Smoking and Alcohol Drinking on Nutritional Status and Eating Habits in Adult Males", The Korean Society of Community Nutrition, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 161-171, 2000.
15 IA. Chun, J. Park, MA. Han, SW. Choi, SY. Rhu, "The Association between Smoking, Alcohol Intake, and Low-Salt Diet: Results from the 2008 Community Health Survey", Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 223-235, 2013. DOI : https://doi.org/10.14373/JKDA.2013.19.3.223   DOI
16 KA. Bertrand, E. Giovannucci, Y. Liu, S. Malspeis, A. Heather-Eliassen, K. Wu, MD. Holmes, F, Laden, D. Feskanich, "Determinants of Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Development of Prediction Models in Three US Cohorts", British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 108, no. 10, pp. 1889-1896, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511007409   DOI
17 JY. Hong, JH. Kim, OS. Kim, "Factors Influencing Problem Drinking of Male Drinkers according to Life Cycle", Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 139-148, 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2014.26.2.139   DOI
18 AL. Haas, SK. Smith, "The Relationship of Smoking Status to Alcohol Use, Problems, and Health Behaviors in College Freshmen", Journal of Research on Adolescence, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 758-767, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00816.x   DOI
19 HJ. Park, "Prevalence and Related Risk Factors of Problem Drinking in Korean Adult", Journal of the Korea Academia Industrial Cooperation Society, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 389-397, 2018. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2018.19.1.389   DOI
20 MY. Kim, MJ. Kim, SY. Lee, "Vitamin D Intake, Serum 25-OHD, and Bone Mineral Density of Korean Adults: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2011)", Journal of Nutrition and Health, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 437- 446, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2016.49.6.437   DOI
21 HS. Kim, YJ. Han, BC. Kim, SY. Ryu, "Relevance of Vitamin D and Dyslipidemia Among Korean Adults - Using Data from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2014", Journal of the Korea Academia- Industrial cooperation Society, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 647-656, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2017.18.3.647   DOI
22 EN. Kassi, S. Stavropoulos, P. Kokkoris, A. Galanos, P. Moutsatsou, C. Dimas, A. Papatheodorou, C. Zafeiris, G. Lyritis, "Smoking is a Significant Determinant of Low Serum Vitamin D in Young and Middle-Aged Healthy Males", Hormones, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 245-250, 2015.
23 JW. Lee, EK. Kim, JH. Kim, MG. Park, JS. Lee, JH. Lee, CH. Cho, DJ. Park, "Effect of Serum Vitamin D Level on Nicotine Metabolism to Cotinine in Korean Adults: 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011", Korean Journal of Family Practice, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 699-702, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21215/kjfp.2016.6.6.699   DOI
24 HK. An, JY. Park, HJ. Yoon, "Association of among Alcohol Consumption and Blood Vitamin D and Lead Concentrations: Based on 2010-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey", Journal of the Korea Academia- Industrial Cooperation Society, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 498-506, 2015. DOI: http://dx.org/10.5762/KAIS.2015.16.1.498   DOI
25 K. Lee, "Sex-specific relationships between alcohol consumption and vitamin D levels: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009", Nutrition research and practice, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 86-90, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2012.6.1.86   DOI
26 AR. Yu, JH. Kim, OR. Kwon, JH. Kim, YJ. Yang, "Associations between Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Consumption Frequencies of Vitamin D Rich Foods in Korean Adults and Older Adults", Korean Journal of Community Nutrition, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 122-132, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.122   DOI
27 WH. Yang, KY. Lee, KH. Park, CS. Yun, BS. Son, JM. Jeon, HS. Lee, WH. Choi, SD. Yoo, JS. Han, "Microenvironmental Time Activity Patterns of Weekday and Weekend on Korean", Journal of Korean Society for Indoor Environment, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 267-274, 2009.
28 HN. Yoo, HS. Kim, "Vitamin D Deficiency and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adolescents: Based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V (KNHANES)", Journal of the Korean Society of School Health, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 22-32, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15434/kssh.2016.29.1.22   DOI
29 MJ. Cho, HK. Kim, NR. Oh, "Influence of the Number of Remaining Teeth of on Sleep Time and Stress of Adults Older than 40 Years", Journal of Digital Convergence, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 225-232, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2016.14.7.225   DOI
30 DK. Song, YA. Sung, "Obesity: Introduction", The Korean Journal of Medicine, vol. 84, no. 5, pp. 619-623, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2013.84.5.619   DOI
31 EN. Kassi, S. Stavropoulos, P. Kokkoris, A. Galanos, P. Moutsatsou, C. Dimas, A. Papatheodorou, C. Zafeiris, G. Lyritis, "Smoking is a Significant Determinant of Low Serum Vitamin D in Young and Middle-aged Healthy Males", Hormones, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 245-250, 2015.
32 YW. Kim, DS. Ryu, JS. Lee, "Relationship between Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Lung Function among Korean Adults", Allergy Asthma & Respiratory Disease, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 35-39, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4168/aard.2015.3.1.35   DOI
33 C. Gellert, B. Schottker, H. Brenner, "Smoking and All-cause Mortality in Older People: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", American Medical Association, vol. 172, no. 11, pp. 837-844, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1397
34 YJ. Paek, JK. Choi, ES. Lee, MW. Jo, "Smoking cessation services provided by the National Health Insurance Service", Journal of the Korean Medical Association, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 157-162, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2018.61.3.157   DOI
35 A. Zittermann, "Vitamin D in Preventive Medicine: Are We Ignoring the Evidence?", British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 552-572, 2003.   DOI
36 EH. Nah, SY. Kim, HI. Cho, "Vitamin D Levels and Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Associated with Sex, Age, Region, and Season in Koreans", Laboratory Medicine Online, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 84-91, 2015.   DOI
37 HA. Park, SY. KIM, "Recent Advance on Vitamin D", Journal of the Korean Medical Association, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 310-318, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2013.56.4.310   DOI
38 A. Mithal, DA. Wahl, JP. Bonjour, P. Burckhardt, B. Dawson- Hughes, JA. Eisman, IOF Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Nutrition Working Group, "Global Vitamin D Status and Determinants of Hypovitaminosis D", Osteoporosis International, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 1807-1820, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-009-0954-6   DOI
39 CH. Jung, JO. Mok, "Vitamin D and Obesity", Korean Journal of Obesity, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 236-241, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7570/kjo.2014.23.4.236   DOI
40 M. Touvier, M. Deschasaux, M., M. Montourcy, A. Sutton, N. Charnaux, E. Kesse-Guyot, KE. Assmann, L. Fezeu, P. Latino-Martel, N. Druesne-Pecollo, C. Guinot, J. Latreille, D. Malvy, P. Galan, S. Hercherg, S. Le Clerc, JC. Souberbielle, K. Ezzedine, "Determinants of Vitamin D Status in Caucasian Adults: Influence of Sun Exposure, Dietary Intake, Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, Anthropometric, and Genetic Factors", Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 378-388, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2014.400   DOI
41 KY. Lee, "Sex-specific Relationships between Alcohol Consumption and Vitamin D Levels: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009", Nutrition research and practice, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 86-90, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2012.6.1.86   DOI
42 YA. Lee, HY. Kim, H. Hong, JY. Kim, HJ. Kwon, CH. Shin, "Risk factors for low vitamin D status in Korean adolescents: the Korea National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2009", Public Health Nutrition, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 764-771, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013000438   DOI
43 SN. Choi, KH. Jho, NY. chung, "Anthropometric, Biochemical Characteristics, Nutrient Intakes and Bone Density by Smoking Period in Elderly Male Smokers: Analysis of Data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2008-2011", The Korean Dietetic Association, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 181-193, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14373/JKDA.2015.21.3.181   DOI
44 CJ. Song, YJ. Bae, "The study on nutritional status, bone mineral density and plasma mineral concentrations of smoking male adults", Korean Journal Community Nutrition, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 91-100, 2005.
45 CE. O'Neil, DR. Keast, Fulgoni III VL, TA. Nicklas, "Food sources of energy and nutrients among adults in the US:NHANES 2003-2006", Nutrients, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 2097-2120, 2012. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3390/nu4122097   DOI
46 LG. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, P. Estaire, C. Penas-Ruiz, RM. Ortega and UCM Research Group VALORNUT(920030), "Vitamin D Intake and Dietary Sources in a Representative Sample of Spanish Adults", Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 26, pp. 64-72, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12061   DOI
47 CQ. Jiang, YH. Chan, L. Xu, YL. Jin, T. Zhu, WS. Zhang, KK. Cheng, TH. Lam, "Smoking and Serum Vitamin D in Older Chinese People: Cross-Sectional Analysis Based on the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study", British Medical Journal Open, vol. 6, no. 6, e010946, 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen.2015.010946
48 C. Brot, NR. Jorgensen, OH. Sorensen, "The Influence of Smoking on Vitamin D Status and Calcium Metabolism", European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 920-926, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600870   DOI
49 HT. Kim, SS. Chun, SH. Joung, ME. Yun, "Nutrient Intake Status of Korean Drinkers: Analysis of Data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2011", Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 343-355, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14373/JKDA.2013.19.4.343   DOI
50 MY. Kwon, SJ. Yang, "Risk factors associated with vitamin D deficiency among women office workers", The Journal of Korea Community Health Nursing Academic Society, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 84-96, 2017. DOI: http://dx.org/10.5932/JKPHN.2017.31.1.84