• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.55-72
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• 2004

Alcohol has as much effect on our lives as the different taste for foods that people have all of the world. Recently, the interest about drinking habits has increased with the rise in health problems for college students with poor health related behavior. The purpose of this study was to evaluate alcohol consumption, smoking and eating behavior of college students in the Kyungsan area. This survey was administered through questionnaires, and the subjects were 177 male and 189 female college students. The self-administered questionnaire was composed of questions concerning social-demographic factors, general characteristics, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and eating behavior. The data were analyzed by $\chi$$^2$-test and t-test. According to the survey results, almost of all of the survey subjects drank alcohol. The mean alcohol consumption level per day for male students (33.9${\pm}$29.7g) were significantly higher than for the female students (18.5${\pm}$16.5g), and more than 39.6% of the subjects drank alcohol 1-3 days a week. Alcohol consumption changed the students eating habits. Most students had dietary problems such as fast eating, skipping meal and spending too much money on fast food. The survey about eating behavior of the students showed the male students had more problems when compared with female students. Alcohol consumption levels and alcohol dependence showed a significant positive correlation with smoking cigarettes (r=0.386, p＜0.001). The correlation coefficient between alcohol consumption and eating behavior was negatively correlated with skipping meals (r=-0.121, p＜0.001). However, there were significant and positive correlations with overeating when students were depressed (r=0.130, p＜0.05), with eating meals when watching TV or videos (r=0.085) and with spending money on fast food(r=0.235, p＜0.235). The results indicate that health related behaviors of college students in the present study were fairly good. More attention should be given to college students and their habits of skipping meal, alcohol drinking and smoking, and the fairly good students can act as a model for correct dietary behavior so as to improve overall student health.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.196-204
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• 2003

연구목적: 알코올의존 환자의 수면 장애에 대한 치료에 있어서 기존의 진정수면제 등의 약물은 교차 내성을 일으키고, 수면의 질을 악화시키기도 한다. 광치료는 일주기리듬장애, jet-lag, 순환제교대근무에서 나타나는 수면장애와 노화와 관련된 수면 장애의 치료에 효과적인 비약물적 치료중재이다. 따라서 저자들은 이미 여러 질환의 수면장애에 시도되고 있던 광치료의 회복기 알코올의존환자의 수면장애에 대한 치료적 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 알코올 금단 증상을 보이지 않는 13명의 알코올의존 환자들을 대상으로 하여 2500Lux의 광상자로 하루에 오전 1시간 씩 3일에 걸쳐 광치료를 시행하였다. 총수면시간, 실제수면시간, 수면잠복기, 수면효율, 각성빈도 등을 수면기록지를 통해 평가하였으며, visual-analogue scale을 통해 주관적인 수면의 만족도를 평가하였다. 오전 8시, 오후 2시, 오후 8시 3차례에 걸쳐 연구대상자의 졸림 정도를 스탠포드졸림척도를 통해 평가하였으며, visual-analogue scale을 통해 불안, 우울 기분 및 피로감을 평가하였다. 수면상태를 반영하는 수행 능력의 평가를 위하여 기초단계와 연구 4일째에 기호잇기검사(trail making test)A, B 및 기호바꿔쓰기검사(digit symbol substitution test)를 시행하였다. 각 측정값은 반복측정분산분석법을 이용하여 비교하였으며 수행능력의 평가는 사전사후차이검증을 이용하였다. 결 과: 수면기록지로 평가된 수면잠복기, 수면효율은 광치료의 효과를 확인할 수 있었으며 기초 단계에 비해 연구 1일째부터 유의한 차이를 보였다. 수면에 대한 만족도도 광치료에 따라 유의하게 증가하였으며 연구 1일째부터 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 오후 2시에 평가된 졸림은 광치료의 효과를 확인할 수 없었지만 오전 8시에는 광치료에 따라 졸림이 유의하게 감소하였고 오후 8시에는 유의하게 증가하였다. 기호잇기검사와 기호바꿔쓰기검사에서 환자들은 광치료 전후 수행 시간이 유의하게 감소하였다. Visual analogue scale에 의한 피로감의 평가에서 오후 2시와 오후 8시에 광치료에 따라 유의하게 피로감의 감소가 나타났으며 우울기분과 불안은 광치료의 효과를 확인할 수 없었다. 결 론: 본 연구에서는 금단 증상에서 회복된 후에도 지속적으로 수면장애를 호소하는 알코올의존 환자들에 있어 비록 제한적이지만 광치료의 효과를 확인할 수 있었고, 임상 실제에서 알코올중독 환자들의 수면장애에 단기간의 광치료가 효과적인 치료도구가 될 수 있음을 제시하고 있다. 추후 보다 객관적인 수면 평가 도구를 이용한 장기간의 대조군 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2011

Objectives The aim of this study is to explore the association among DRD4 polymorphism, temperament and alcohol drinking behavior of Koreans in their early adulthood. Method Participants were 172 healthy Korean adults (mean age $28.1{\pm}0.8$). Their temperament was assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and their alcohol drinking behavior were evaluated with a self-reported questionnaire including the CAGE and the Korean version of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-K). DRD4 exon III 48 base pair variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) was genotyped by PCR. Results No significant association was found between DRD4 polymorphism and TCI temperament dimension (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence) as well as alcohol drinking behavior scales. However, novelty seeking was significantly associated with alcohol drinking behavior. The higher level of novelty seeking was associated with the higher severity index of drinking (B = -0.225, p < 0.001) and problematic alcohol use on the CAGE and AUDIT-K [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.111, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.021-1.209, p = 0.015, OR = 1.087, 95% CI 1.009-1.170, p = 0.028]. Conclusion In our study, while there is no significant association of DRD4 polymorphism with temperament and alcohol drinking behavior, novelty seeking affects problematic alcohol use. Results suggest that novelty seeking may play an important role in problematic alcohol use in young Korean adults.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.64-73
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• 2000

이 연구는 MAOA CA 반복 유전자다형성에 따라 알코올의존 환자에서 행동 및 성격특성 그리고 임상양상의 차이를 알아봄으로써 유전자형과 표현형과의 관계를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 이 연구 결과 임상양상에서 S군에 비해 L군의 임상양상이 보다 부정적인 양상을 보이고 있었다. 이는 MAOA CA 반복 유전자다형성이 음주양상을 변화시키는 역할을 할 가능성을 시사하고 있다. 그렇지만 이러한 영향이 유전자의 직접적인 인과관계로 설명하기는 어렵고 간접적이고 이차적인 영향에 따른 결과로 생각해 볼 수 있겠다. 또한, 행동특성에서 L군이 S군에 비해 전체적으로 공격성이 많았고 자기주장적 태도가 강했다. 그리고 MAOA CA 반복 유전자다형성의 대립유전자 길이가 자기주장적 태도와 상관관계가 있었으며 이러한 자기주장적 태도를 MAOA CA 반복 유전자다형성의 대립유전자 길이가 부분적으로 설명하고 있었고, 자기주장적 태도가 강한 환자의 경우 길이가 긴 대립유전자를 가질 가능성이 많았다. 공격성도 그 자체가 여러 가지 측면을 가지고 있는 복합적인 행동특성이기 때문에 전체 공격성을 어느 하나의 유전자만으로 설명할 수 있을 것으로 기대하는 것은 비현실적이다. 그렇지만 이 연구에서 자기주장적 태도는 분화된 공격성의 한 측면이어서 MAOA CA 반복 유전자다형성이 일부분이지만 설명을 할 수 있다는 것을 시사하고 있어, 연구자들은 이 연구가 향후 유전자형이 공격성 같은 표현형을 설명하는 연구들에 있어 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 아직까지 MAOA CA 반복 유전자다형성과 MAOA 활성도와의 관계가 명확하지 않고 대사산물과의 관계도 설명이 어려운 실정이어서 향후 이에 대한 연구들이 필요하겠다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2003년도 생물공학의 동향(XII)
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• pp.164-168
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• 2003

유채유를 사용하여 바이오디젤 생산을 위한 1단 전이에스테르화 공정에 있어서 반응온도 $60^{\circ}C$, 유지에 대한 메탄올 몰비 1:10 이상, 1.0 % (w/w) 포타슘 하이드록시드의 조건에서 98.5% 이상의 전화율을 얻을 수 있었다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

Drug dependence deals a heavy socioeconomic burden to the society. For adolescents, the damage from drug dependence is greater than adults considering their higher susceptibility to drug effect and increasing chance for violence leading to criminal punishment process. Habitual drug use depends on genetic and environmental factors and the complex interactions between the two. Mammalian model systems have been useful in understanding the neurochemical and cellular impacts of abused drugs on specific regions of the brain, and in identifying the molecular targets of drugs. More elucidation is required whether biological effects of drugs actually cause the habitual dependence at the cellular level. Although there is much insight available on the nature of drug abuse problems, none of the systems designed to help drug dependent individuals is efficient in screening functional ingredients of the drug, and thus resulting in the failure of helping drug dependent individuals recover from drug dependence. Alternative model systems draw the attention of researchers, such as the invertebrate model systems of nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) and fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). These models should provide new insight into the mechanisms leading to the behavior of drug users (even functional studies analyzing molecular mechanism), and screening useful components to help remove drug dependence among drug users. The relatively simple anatomy and gene expression of the invertebrate model systems should enable researchers to coordinate current knowledge on drug abuse. Furthermore, the invertebrate model systems should facilitate advance in experiments on the susceptibility of specific genetic backgrounds and the interaction between genetic factors to drug dependence.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.711-724
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• 2000

I reached following conclusion through a bibliographic study about the drug dependence. 1. The drug dependence is the case that taking drugs continually in order to get around discomfort and get mental drug efficacy. that is also the state of poisoning that shows compulsions that using all means to get drugs. the drug dependence is coincident with alcolism in Oriental Medicine. 2 Medicinal matters that causes the drug dependence consist of two field. one is licit drugs, including a tranquilizer, a sleeping pill, anti-anxiety drug, alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, etc. the other is illict drugs, including opium products, psychostimulant, a hallucinogen, aromatic agent(adhesives, LSD, etc.) 3. Drugs that causes dependences has the habit which causing mental dependences and the medicinal poisining which causing physical dependences. 4. A syndrome of abstain from the drug which rides on all kinds of drugs is analogous to depressive psychosis, epilepsy, insanity, depressive syndromes, disorder of internal organs, histery, dizziness, etc. 5. The drug dependence causes visceral dysfunction, that is chiefly inflammatory lesion of brain, heart lung etc. (inflammatory lesions os mainly due to infect.) and injuries liver which removes toxic agents and kidney which is an excretory organ. 6. The treatment of the drug dependence, which needs at first check the medical record and the syndrome, is consist of the expectant treatment and isolating treatment as a rule and sometimes mental therapeutics is going on at the same time. 7. The oriental medical cure of the drug dependence needs more concrete study.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국HCI학회 2006년도 학술대회 2부
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• pp.639-645
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• 2006

During abstinence from alcohol, craving is elicited by the cues and contexts previously associated with alcohol, and contributes to relapse. To prevent the craving and relapse experienced by alcoholics, cue-exposure therapy (CET) has been used to extinguish the association between alcohol and alcohol-related cues and contexts. This study applied CET, using a virtual reality (VR) system, to eight members of an Alcoholics Anonymous group, in eight sessions. Cues and contexts most likely to elicit an urge to drink were selected through a preliminary survey in order to compose VR-CET scenarios: a glass, bottle, food, and a bar were judged to be the most tempting for people in alcohol dependence and abstinence. By these cues and contexts, a Japanese style pub and a western bar were composed. Each session was administered for 30 minutes by a psychiatrist and included an introduction, immersion, VR navigation, interviews about feelings, and self-report questionnaires about cravings. The eight sessions consisted of initial and closing sessions, and six cue- and context-focused sessions. As a result, a reduction in cue-elicited craving after VR-CET was reported. A mean score of 15.75 (SD = 10.91) on the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire in the first session decreased to 11.57 (SD = 6.88) in the final session.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.343-355
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• 2013

This study analyzed the dietary habits and nutrient intake status of adult drinkers in Korea. Alcohol drinking patterns were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Among 4,968 persons, 91.5% were drinkers. Classification of their drinking patterns by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score showed 64.5% of the drinkers were normal drinkers, 22.4% problem drinkers and 13.2% alcohol-dependent drinkers. Overall, 47% of the drinkers were considered alcohol-dependent in the Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen (RAPS4). Significant differences were found between those who abstained from alcohol (86.8%) and alcohol-dependent drinkers (68.9%); when asked about breakfast habits 73.4% of non-drinkers often had family meals, while only 55.4% of the alcohol-dependent drinkers had family meals. Dietary energy, alcohol energy, and total energy intake significantly increased for the alcohol-dependents (P<0.001). In addition, the intake of eight nutrients (protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, calcium, phosphorous and iron), significantly increased in the following order (least to highest): abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P <0.05). Nutrient Adequacy Ratios (NAR) of all nutrients, except vitamin C, and the Mean nutrient Adequacy Ratio (MAR) significantly increased in the following order (least to highest): abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P<0.05). The intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin per 1,000 kcal, according to drinking pattern, decreased in the order of abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol, and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P<0.001). The above results show that the nutrient intake of normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol, and alcohol-dependent drinkers are higher than abstainers. However, overall intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin per 1,000 kcal was low. Therefore it is necessary to increase vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin intake for drinkers.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2018

Smokers keep smoking despite knowing that tobacco claims many lives, including their own and others'. What makes it hard for them to quit smoking nonetheless? Tobacco companies insist that smokers choose to smoke, according to their right to self-determination. Moreover, they insist that with motivation and willpower to quit smoking, smokers can easily stop smoking. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to discuss the addictive disease called tobacco use disorder, with an assessment of the addictiveness of tobacco and the reasons why smoking cessation is challenging, based on neuroscientific research. Nicotine that enters the body via smoking is rapidly transmitted to the central nervous system and causes various effects, including an arousal response. The changes in the nicotine receptors in the brain due to continuous smoking lead to addiction symptoms such as tolerance, craving, and withdrawal. Compared with other addictive substances, including alcohol and opioids, tobacco is more likely to cause dependence in smokers, and smokers are less likely to recover from their dependence. Moreover, the thinning of the cerebral cortex and the decrease in cognitive functions that occur with aging accelerate with smoking. Such changes occur in the structure and functions of the brain in proportion to the amount and period of smoking. In particular, abnormalities in the neural circuits that control cognition and decision-making cause loss of the ability to exert self-control and autonomy. This initiates nicotine dependence and the continuation of addictive behaviors. Therefore, smoking is considered to be a behavior that is repeated due to dependence on an addictive substance, nicotine, instead of one's choice by free will.