• 제목/요약/키워드: Airborne disease

검색결과 75건 처리시간 0.025초

Predicting Common Patterns of Livestock-Vehicle Movement Using GPS and GIS: A Case Study on Jeju Island, South Korea

  • Qasim, Waqas;Cho, Jea Min;Moon, Byeong Eun;Basak, Jayanta Kumar;Kahn, Fawad;Okyere, Frank Gyan;Yoon, Yong Cheol;Kim, Hyeon Tae
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • 제43권3호
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    • pp.247-254
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    • 2018
  • Purpose: Although previous studies have performed on-farm evaluations for the control of airborne diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and influenza, disease control during the process of livestock and manure transportation has not been investigated thoroughly. The objective of this study is to predict common patterns of livestock-vehicle movement. Methods: Global positioning system (GPS) data collected during 2012 and 2013 from livestock vehicles on Jeju Island, South Korea, were analyzed. The GPS data included the coordinates of moving vehicles according to the time and date as well as the locations of livestock farms and manure-keeping sites. Data from 2012 were added to Esri software ArcGIS 10.1 and two approaches were adopted for predicting common vehicle-movement patterns, i.e., point-density and Euclidean-distance tools. To compare the predicted patterns with actual patterns for 2013, the same analysis was performed on the actual data. Results: When the manure-keeping sites and livestock farms were the same in both years, the common patterns of 2012 and 2013 were similar; however, differences arose in the patterns when these sites were changed. By using the point-density tool and Euclidean-distance tool, the average similarity between the predicted and actual common patterns for the three vehicles was 80% and 72%, respectively. Conclusions: From this analysis, we can determine common patterns of livestock vehicles using previous year's data. In the future, to obtain more accurate results and to devise a model for predicting patterns of vehicle movement, more dependent and independent variables will be considered.

Herpes Zoster Vaccination

  • Kim, Kyung Hoon
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • 제26권3호
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    • pp.242-248
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    • 2013
  • Varicella (chickenpox) is a highly contagious airborne disease caused by primary infection with the varicella zoster virus (VZV). Following the resolution of chickenpox, the virus can remain dormant in the dorsal sensory and cranial ganglion for decades. Shingles (herpes zoster [HZ]) is a neurocutaneous disease caused by reactivation of latent VZV and may progress to postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), which is characterized by dermatomal pain persisting for more than 120 days after the onset of HZ rash, or "well-established PHN", which persist for more than 180 days. Vaccination with an attenuated form of VZV activates specific T-cell production, thereby avoiding viral reactivation and development of HZ. It has been demonstrated to reduce the occurrence by approximately 50-70%, the duration of pain of HZ, and the frequency of subsequent PHN in individuals aged ${\geq}50$ years in clinical studies. However, it has not proved efficacious in preventing repeat episodes of HZ and reducing the severity of PHN, nor has its long-term efficacy been demonstrated. The most frequent adverse reactions reported for HZ vaccination were injection site pain and/or swelling and headache. In addition, it should not be administrated to children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised persons or those allergic to neomycin or any component of the vaccine.

고병원성 조류인플루엔자 (HPAI)의 에어로졸을 통한 공기 전파 예측을 위한 공기유동학적 확산 모델 연구 (Aerodynamic Approaches for the Predition of Spread the HPAI (High Pathogenic Avian Influenza) on Aerosol)

  • 서일환;이인복;문운경;홍세운;황현섭;;권경석;김기연
    • 한국농공학회논문집
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    • 제53권1호
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    • pp.29-36
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    • 2011
  • HPAI (High pathogenic avian influenza) which is a disease legally designated as an epidemic generally shows rapid spread of disease resulting in high mortality rate as well as severe economic damages. Because Korea is contiguous with China and southeast Asia where HPAI have occurred frequently, there is a high risk for HPAI outbreak. A prompt treatment against epidemics is most important for prevention of disease spread. The spread of HPAI should be considered by both direct and indirect contact as well as various spread factors including airborne spread. There are high risk of rapid propagation of HPAI flowing through the air because of collective farms mostly in Korea. Field experiments for the mechanism of disease spread have limitations such as unstable weather condition and difficulties in maintaining experimental conditions. In this study, therefore, computational fluid dynamics which has been actively used for mass transfer modeling were adapted. Korea has complex terrains and many livestock farms are located in the mountain regions. GIS numerical map was used to estimate spreads of virus attached aerosol by means of designing three dimensional complicated geometry including farm location, road network, related facilities. This can be used as back data in order to take preventive measures against HPAI occurrence and spread.

Validation of a simple binary scoring system for assessment of welfare measures of 10-day-old commercial broilers and their correlation with environmental parameters

  • Kumari, Priyanka;Choi, Hong-Lim;Metali, Shamira Hazi;Yussof, Siti Anisah Hazi;Han, Jiwoon
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제57권3호
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    • pp.9.1-9.5
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    • 2015
  • Background: A simple binary scoring system (SBSS) was developed and used to assess the welfare measures of commercial broiler chickens in South Korea. We also correlated welfare measures with environmental parameters of broiler house. Our measures of welfare included lameness, hock burn (HB) and foot pad dermatitis (FPD), whilst environmental parameters included air temperature, relative humidity, air speed, light intensity, air quality (in particular carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and ammonia ($NH_3$) concentrations) and airborne microbes. Results: The effect of environmental parameters on welfare measures was apparent even on 10-day-old broilers. A non-parametric correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between environmental parameters and welfare measures. The key environmental parameters were relative humidity and light intensity. The results indicate that there is a need for proper control of environmental conditions on poultry farms, which could reduce health problems and subsequently reduce disease and mortality. Conclusions: In conclusion, the simplicity of SBSS makes it preferable over more complex scoring systems and allows a farmer to more easily assess the welfare measures on their own farm.

Transmission Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 That Hinder Effective Control

  • Seongman Bae;Joon Seo Lim;Ji Yeun Kim;Jiwon Jung;Sung-Han Kim
    • IMMUNE NETWORK
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    • 제21권1호
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    • pp.9.1-9.8
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    • 2021
  • The most important characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission that makes it difficult to control are 1) asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission, 2) low incidence or lack of dominant systemic symptoms such as fever, 3) airborne transmission that may need a high infectious dose, and 4) super-spread events (SSEs). Patients with COVID-19 have high viral loads at symptom onset or even a few days prior to symptom onset, and most patients with COVID-19 have only mild respiratory symptoms or merely pauci-/null-symptoms. These characteristics of the virus enable it to easily spread to the community because most patients are unaware of their potential infectivity, and symptom-based control measures cannot prevent this type of transmission. Furthermore, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is also capable of airborne transmission in conditions such as aerosol-generating procedures, under-ventilated indoor spaces, and over-crowded areas. In this context, universal mask-wearing is important to prevent both outward and inward transmission until an adequate degree of herd immunity is achieved through vaccination. Lastly, the SSEs of SARS-CoV-2 transmission emphasize the importance of reducing contacts by limiting social gatherings. The above-mentioned transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 have culminated in the failure of long-lasting quarantine measures, and indicate that only highly effective vaccines can keep the communities safe from this deadly, multifaceted virus.

Flyash를 이용한 일일복토재의 포설 사례 연구

  • 박상현;한완수;이재영
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 추계학술발표회
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    • pp.386-389
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    • 2002
  • It may be necessary to apply a daily fever to operate the municipal solid waste landfill. The daily cover helps to control nuisance factors such as the escape of odors, dusts and airborne emissions, and can control the population of disease vectors. Also it may be reduce the infiltration of rain, decreasing the generation of leachate and the potential for surface water and groundwater contamination. Because of its usual availability and traditional usage as the municipal solid waste landfill, soil remains as the most common daily cover material. However, soil tends to reduce the volume of dumping waste c;3pacity in the landfill, it also reduces a period of using in the landfill. Therefore, it is necessary to research about Alternative Daily Cover Materials (ADCMs) because of the limitation of landfill sites. Recently, The types of ADCMs are classified into geosynthetics, forms, spray-ons, indigenous materials. In this study, the authors have tested the spray type of Alternative Daily Cover(ADC) using by flyash, alum with cement. The development. of ADCMs will be highly effective in terms of prolongation using landfill.

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공기감염성 가축질병 예방을 위한 공기청정기 유형에 따른 부유 미생물의 제거 효과 (Reduction Effect of Various Air Purifiers on Airborne Microorganism for Preventing Air Infected Animal Disease)

  • 박찬정;김현태;김기연
    • 농업생명과학연구
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    • 제45권3호
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    • pp.89-96
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    • 2011
  • 본 연구의 목적은 공기감염성 가축질병 유발의 주요 인자인 부유 세균 및 바이러스 등의 생물학상 인자들에 대한 유형별 공기청정기의 제균 효과를 비교 평가하는 데 있다. 시료 채취 장비에 대한 포집 성능 평가에서는 MS2 바이러스와 Pseudomonas fluorescens 모두 Button sampler보다는 Biosampler에 의한 채취 효율이 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.05). 공기청정기 유형 및 시료채취 방법에 관계없이 MS2 바이러스의 경우 초기 농도 대비 가동 후 5분에 50% 이상, 15분에 70% 이상, 30분에 80% 이상, 그리고 마지막 측정 시점인 60분에는 90% 이상의 제거 효율을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. P. fluorescens 세균의 경우 초기 농도 대비 가동 후 5분에 45% 이상, 15분에 50% 이상, 30분에 70% 이상, 그리고 마지막 측정 시점인 60분에는 75% 이상의 제거 효율을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 유형별 공기청정기의 상대적 제균 효율을 비교해 보면 MS2 바이러스의 경우 이온 발생 방식>전기 집진 방식>습식 방식>건조 방식, P. fluorescens 세균의 경우 전기 집진 방식>이온 발생 방식>건조 방식>습식 방식의 순서로 조사되었다.

코로나 바이러스 대유행에 따른 치과 의료 관리 가이드라인 (Guidelines for dental clinic infection prevention during COVID-19 pandemic)

  • 김진
    • 대한치과의료관리학회지
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2020
  • Dental settings have unique characteristics that warrant specific infection control considerations, including (1) prioritizing the most critical dental services and provide care in a way that minimizes harm to patients due to delayed care, or harm to personnel from potential exposure to persons infected with the COVID-19 disease, and (2) proactively communicate to both personnel and patients the need for them to stay at home if sick. For health care, an interim infection prevention and control recommendation (COVID-19) is recommended for patients suspected of having coronavirus or those whose status has been confirmed. SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus that causes COVID-19, is thought to be spread primarily between people who are in close contact with one another (within 6 feet) through respiratory droplets that are produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Airborne transmission from person-to-person over long distances is unlikely. However, COVID-19 is a new disease, and there remain uncertainties about its mode of spreads and the severity of illness it causes. The virus has been shown to persist in aerosols for several hours, and on some surfaces for days under laboratory conditions. COVID-19 may also be spread by people who are asymptomatic. The practice of dentistry involves the use of rotary dental and surgical instruments, such as handpieces or ultrasonic scalers, and air-water syringes. These instruments create a visible spray that can contain particle droplets of water, saliva, blood, microorganisms, and other debris. While KF 94 masks protect the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose from droplet spatter, they do not provide complete protection against the inhalation of airborne infectious agents. If the patient is afebrile (temperature <100.4°F)* and otherwise without symptoms consistent with COVID-19, then dental care may be provided using appropriate engineering and administrative controls, work practices, and infection control considerations. It is necessary to provide supplies for respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, including alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) with 60%~95% alcohol, tissues, and no-touch receptacles for disposal, at healthcare facility entrances, waiting rooms, and patient check-ins. There is also the need to install physical barriers (e.g., glass or plastic windows) in reception areas to limit close contact between triage personnel and potentially infectious patients. Ideally, dental treatment should be provided in individual rooms whenever possible, with a spacing of at least 6 feet between the patient chairs. Further, the use of easy-to-clean floor-to-ceiling barriers will enhance the effectiveness of portable HEPA air filtration systems. Before and after all patient contact, contact with potentially infectious material, and before putting on and after removing personal protective equipment, including gloves, hand hygiene after removal is particularly important to remove any pathogens that may have been transferred to the bare hands during the removal process. ABHR with 60~95% alcohol is to be used, or hands should be washed with soap and water for at least 20 s.

대학생 잠복결핵 감염의 진단 (Diagnosis for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in College Students)

  • 육근돌;양병선
    • 대한임상검사과학회지
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    • 제48권3호
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    • pp.225-229
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    • 2016
  • 결핵이란 결핵균에 의한 만성 감염질환으로 결핵균이 포함된 비말액을 통해 공기감염을 일으킨다. 대부분의 결핵감염자는 전염력이 없는 잠복감염상태만 유지하나 10%의 감염자 중 절반은 감염 후 1~2년 안에 발병하게 된다. 결핵감염자와 접촉이 있는 학생 74명을 대상으로 결핵 감염자 접촉관련 사전 조사 및 흉부 X-선 검사, TST 검사 및 IGRA 검사를 실시하였다. 1차 TST 검사에서 양성자는 9명, 음성은 65명으로 나타났으며, 음성 판독자는 2차 TST검사를, 양성 판독자는 IGRA 검사를 실시하였다. 1차 TST 양성자 9명 중 IGRA 검사에서 3명이 양성자로 나와 잠복 결핵감염 치료를 실시하였다. 1차 TST결과 음성자에 대한 재확인 TST 검사는 1차와 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 잠복결핵감염율은 74명중 3명으로 4.05%로 나타났고, 잠복결핵감염자 색출을 위해서 다른 그룹에 대한 조사도 필요하다.

A Lung Granuloma Case Possibly Associated with a Working Environment: A Case Report

  • Seehapanya, Sankom;Chaiear, Naesinee;Ratanawatkul, Pailin;Samerpitak, Kittipan;Intarawichian, Piyapharom;Wonglakorn, Lumyai
    • Safety and Health at Work
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.268-271
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    • 2021
  • Lung granulomas are uncommon in Thailand. The disease typically develops from an occupational environment and is mostly caused by infection. Herein is a case report of a female patient, aged 48, working as a nurse in an Accident and Emergency Department at a hospital. Eighteen years prior to admission the patient was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis and pulmonary tuberculosis. The chest X-ray and CT scans showed a solitary pulmonary nodule in the lower left lung. The patient received an open thoracotomy with a left lobectomy. Granulomatous and nonseptate hyphae were found in the pathology diagnosis. The patient was thus diagnosed as having a lung granuloma. The galactomannan antigen test was positive. The solitary pulmonary nodule-found from the use of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test-was an Aspergillus spp. The fungus culture was collected from air samples. The air samples were collected by the impaction technique using a microbial air sampler. Three types of Aspergillus spp. were found as well as Penicillium spp. and Monilia sitophila. The Aspergillus spp. was a match for the patient's disease. The patient was diagnosed as having a lung granuloma possibly Aspergillus nodule which was caused by airborne Aspergillus spp. from the occupational environment.